Table 3.
Unadjusted and Adjusted Associations Between Food Insecurity and TNFR1 Among Women Living With HIV in the Women’s Interagency HIV Study (N = 421)
| Characteristic | Unadjusted Relative Difference (95% CI)a | Adjusted Relative Difference (95% CI)b |
|---|---|---|
| Any food insecurity | 1.14 (1.06–1.23)e | 1.13 (1.05–1.21)d |
| Age at visit, per 10 years | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 1.05 (1.01–1.09)c |
| High school education or more | 1.04 (0.96–1.12) | 1.07 (0.99–1.15) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| White | (reference) | (reference) |
| Hispanic | 0.80 (0.68–0.94)d | 0.78 (0.67–0.91)d |
| Black/African American | 0.85 (0.75–0.98)c | 0.81 (0.71–0.92)e |
| Other | 0.78 (0.61–0.99)c | 0.76 (0.59–0.97)c |
| Annual household income | ||
| ≤$12000 | (reference) | (reference) |
| $12001–$24000 | 1.05 (0.96–1.14) | 1.08 (0.99–1.18) |
| ≥$24001 | 0.92 (0.84–0.99)c | 0.94 (0.87–1.03) |
| Illicit substance use | 1.03 (0.86–1.22) | 0.99 (0.83–1.17) |
| Current smoker | 1.07 (0.99–1.16) | 1.10(1.02–1.19)c |
| Viral load, log10 | 1.05 (1.01–1.10)d | 1.06 (1.02–1.10)d |
| CD4 cells/mm3 | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | … |
| BMI, per 3 kg/m2 | 1.04 (1.03–1.05)e | 1.04 (1.03–1.05)e |
| Intake of high-fat foods, servings per day, per 3 | 1.03 (0.97–1.09) | … |
| Intake of sugar, servings per day, per 3 | 1.02 (0.09–1.09) | … |
| Intake of red and processed meat, servings per day, per 3 | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | … |
| Intake of fruits and vegetables, servings per day, per 3 | 0.98 (0.88–1.08) | … |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; TNFR1, tumor necroses factor receptor 1.
aThe natural logarithm of TNFR1 was used to satisfy the assumption of a normal distribution. The relative differences are natural exponential e of the regression coefficients, and are interpreted as multiplicative factors.
bThis multivariable linear regression model examined the relationship between food insecurity and TNFR1 adjusting for age, education, race/ethnicity, annual household income, illicit substance use, current smoker viral load, and BMI.
c P < .05.
d P < .01.
e P < .001.