Table 1.

The pre-clinical and clinical trials in drug development

Contents	Preclinical trials	Clinical trials
		Phase I	Phase II	Phase III	Phase IV
Objects	Lab study	Human	Human	Human	Human
	In vitro assays	20-80 people	100-300 people	>1000 people	>1000 people
	In vivo animals
Goal	Effects	Safety	Efficacy	Efficacy	Efficacy
	Safe	Side effects	Safety	Safety	Long-term safety
	Dose	Administration routes	Side effects	Side effects	Side effects
	Administration routes drug distribution etc	Dose escalation			Mortality rate
Time to last	1-3 years	Months to years	1-2 years	Several years	Long-term
Chance to pass	NA	70%	30%	25-30%	Rare withdrawal