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. 2018 Jul 9;24(1):126–144. doi: 10.1038/s41380-018-0102-9

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Effects of adiponectin insufficiency on anxiety-like behavior and VTA dopamine neuron activity. (a) Plasma adiponectin levels. n = 5 mice per group. (b) Behavioral tests. (b1) Locomotor activity. WT: n = 11 mice; Adipo^+/-: n = 10 mice. (b2) Elevated plus maze test. Left, percentage of open/total arm time. Right, percentage of open/total arm entries. WT: n = 11 mice; Adipo^+/-: n = 9 mice. (b3) Light–dark box test. Left, latency to enter the light side; right, time spent in the light compartment. WT: n = 11 mice; Adipo^+/-: n = 21 mice. (c1) Left, representative extracellular voltage traces from VTA dopamine neurons; right, representative image demonstrating the electrode track through the VTA. (c2) Number of spontaneously active dopamine neurons per track. (c3) Firing rate: bar graph (left), scatter plot (middle) and cumulative frequency distribution (right). (c4) Percentage of burst firing: bar graph (left), scatter plot (middle) and cumulative frequency distribution (right). WT: n = 9 mice; Adipo^+/-: n = 9 mice. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 compared with wild-type littermate control (WT) mice