Table 1.

Demographic and clinical data of the study patients before propensity score matching

Variable	Neither steroid nor IVIG	Steroid alone*	IVIG alone	P‡
Number of patients	1342	105	95	–
Male gender—no. (%)	713 (53.1)	57 (54.3)	62 (65.3)	0.072
Age (year)	2.9 ± 2.6	2.6 ± 2.9	1.9 ± 2.1	< 0.001
Age group—no. (%)				< 0.001
< 1 yrs.	394 (29.4)	44 (41.9)	39 (41.1)
1~2 yrs.	432 (32.2)	33 (31.4)	42 (44.2)
3~5 yrs.	337 (25.1)	12 (11.4)	7 (7.4)
6~11 yrs.	179 (13.3)	16 (15.2)	7 (7.4)
Oral Medication—no. (%)
ACEi/ ARB	66 (4.9)	10 (9.5)	5 (5.3)	0.131
Beta blocker	58 (4.3)	6 (5.7)	4 (4.2)	0.723
Digoxin	66 (4.9)	14 (13.3)	6 (6.3)	0.003
Loop diuretics	50 (3.7)	15 (14.3)	6 (6.3)	< 0.001
Potassium-sparing diuretics	9 (0.7)	4 (3.8)	1 (1.1)	0.017
Intravenous agents—no. (%)
Dobutamine	68 (5.1)	32 (30.5)	13 (13.7)	< 0.001
Milrinone	31 (2.3)	7 (6.7)	11 (11.6)	< 0.001
Dopamine	127 (9.5)	40 (38.1)	23 (24.2)	< 0.001
Norepinephrine	4 (0.3)	2 (1.9)	0 (0.0)	0.104
Examination—no. (%)
Cardiac MRI	18 (1.3)	5 (4.8)	9 (9.5)	< 0.001
Cardiac biopsy	1 (0.1)	1 (1.0)	0 (0.0)	0.243
Virus detection	404 (30.1)	53 (50.5)	40 (42.1)	< 0.001
Severity assessment—no. (%)
VT/VF	9 (0.7)	1 (1.0)	1 (1.1)	0.428
CPR	38 (2.8)	12 (11.4)	6 (6.3)	< 0.001
Bradycardia	13 (1.0)	2 (1.9)	1 (1.1)	0.489
Cardioversion	20 (1.5)	6 (5.7)	4 (4.2)	0.005
Temporary Pacemaker	11 (0.8)	2 (1.9)	0 (0.0)	0.375
ICU stay	304 (22.7)	65 (61.9)	28 (29.5)	< 0.001

‡ Fisher’s exact test for categorical variable or one-way ANOVA for continuous variable;

*Steroid alone: those patients received high-dose steroid therapy

Abbreviations: ACEi angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor), ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation, ICU intensive care unit, IVIG intravenous immunoglobulin, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, VT/VF ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation