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Pressure–volume loop analysis representing the effects of afterload reduction in left ventricular systolic failure supported by veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) 4 L/min. Afterload (systemic vascular resistance) is reduced until systemic mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) reaches 65 mm Hg, an accepted target in clinical care for patients with cardiogenic shock providing a reasonable compromise between low afterload, systemic and coronary perfusion pressure.
