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Pressure–volume loop analysis of inotropic drug effects in left ventricular failure and veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) 4 L/min. Inotropy only (gray loop) reduces end-diastolic volume and increases stroke volume as well as systemic mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) as compared with no inotropy (red loop). Systemic vascular resistance is finally readjusted down to an MAP of 65 mm Hg, providing further unloading (green loop).
