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Pressure–volume loop analysis of intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) effects in left ventricular failure and veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) 4 L/min. End-diastolic volume decreases only minimally and stroke volume increases as a result of decreasing afterload. In addition, diastolic systemic blood pressure increases providing improved coronary blood flow (Table 1, not shown in pressure–volume loop).
