Figure 7.
Pressure–volume loop analysis of atrial septostomy in left ventricular (LV) systolic failure and veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) 4 L/min. The LV is efficiently unloaded with atrial septal defect (ASD) sizes of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 cm2. A nonejecting LV is created with the largest defect.