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Pressure–volume loop analysis of adjunct venting interventions in left ventricular (LV) systolic failure supported by VA ECMO 4 L/min. Left atrial (LA) and pulmonary artery (PUA) venting show similar hemodynamic effects on the LV pressure–volume loop. LV venting provides more efficient unloading. Flows are determined by actual pressure gradients and resistance of a 3/8″ tubing of 2-m length. Venting flows are 1.3 L/min (LA), 1.5 L/min (PUA) and 1.9 L/min (LV).
