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Pressure–volume loop analysis of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP), left ventricular (LV) venting, and Impella in LV systolic failure and VA ECMO 4 L/min. In this simulation, LV systolic function has further deteriorated (contractility 0.3 mm Hg/mL) to create a clinical state with a nonejecting LV, adjunct therapies all facilitate emptying of the LV.
