Table 4.
Results of this analysis
| Endpoints | No of studies involved (n) | RR or MD with 95% CI | P value | I2 (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oligozoospermia | 4 | 1.29 [1.05–1.59] | 0.02 | 0 |
| Teratozoospermia | 3 | 1.22 [0.96–1.56] | 0.10 | 0 |
| Asthenozoospermia | 4 | 1.42 [0.97–2.09] | 0.07 | 85 |
| Azoospermia | 2 | 3.02 [0.23–40.01] | 0.40 | 92 |
| pH of semen | 4 | 0.04 [−0.03–0.11] | 0.30 | 92 |
| Impaired motility of sperm (continuous data) | 4 | 1.26 [−0.64–3.17] | 0.19 | 87 |
| Abnormal form of sperm | 6 | 2.44 [0.99–3.89] | 0.001 | 98 |
| Head defects | 3 | 1.76 [0.32–3.20] | 0.02 | 96 |
| Neck defects | 3 | 1.97 [0.75–3.18] | 0.002 | 99 |
| Tail defects | 3 | 1.29 [0.35–2.22] | 0.007 | 98 |
| Testosterone level | 4 | 0.18 [−1.26–1.63] | 0.80 | 94 |
| LH level | 3 | 0.18 [−0.47–0.83] | 0.58 | 66 |
| Prolactin level | 2 | 1.79 [−5.78–9.36] | 0.64 | 95 |
| FSH level | 3 | 0.12 [−0.41–0.64] | 0.66 | 0 |
Abbreviations: MD mean difference, RR risk ratio, CI confidence intervals, LH luteinizing hormone, FSH follicle stimulating hormone