Table 3.

Recombinant vaccinia virus (VV) vectors as cancer vaccines: representative clinical studies

Name	VV strains or other poxvirus	TAA	Immunostimulatory gene or agents	Clinical trial stage and type of cancer	Immunological responses and clinical outcomes	References
TroVax	MVA	5 T4	A variety of agents (such as IL-2, IFN-α, sunitinib)	Phases II and III (n = 733) Metastatic renal cancer	(1). Patients with good prognosis receiving vaccine + IL-2 had improved overall survival when compared to IL-2 alone. (2). Association between 5 T4-specific (but not MVA) antibody responses and enhanced survival.	[73, 195]
VV with A0201- restricted epitopes	MVA	Epitopes from gp100, MART-2 & tyrosinase	B7.1 and B7.2 (CD80 and CD86)	Phase I, II Melanoma	Direct injection into lymph node, or given as a prime followed by peptide boosting; both gave antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. No overall survival benefit.	[64, 196]
TG4010 + chemo	MVA	MUC1	IL-2	Phase 2b Non-small cell lung cancer	TG4010 plus chemotherapy seems to improve progression-free survival relative to placebo plus chemotherapy. Because the primary endpoint was met, the trial will continue into phase III.	[82]
MVA-brachyury-TRICOM	MVA	Brachyury	TRICOM [B7.1, ICAM-1, LFA3]	Phase I (n = 38) Advanced cancer patients	Brachyury-specific T-cell responses were observed at all dose levels and in most patients.	[197]
PROSTVAC	VV prime and fowlpox boost	PSA	TRICOM [B7.1, ICAM-1, LFA3]	Phase II Prostate cancer	Increased PSA-specific CTL responses, particularly with GM-CSF or IL-2. In prostate cancer, an increase in progression-free survival was observed.	[78, 79]
PANVAC + chemo (docetaxel)	PANVAC (VV and fowlpox)	CEA and MUC1	Just PANVAC or none (chemo alone)	Phase II (n = 48) patients with metastatic breast cancer	Combination of PANVAC with docetaxel provides a clinical benefit. The median progression-free survival was 7.9 months in the combination group vs. 3.9 months in the chemo group.	[86]