Table 1.
Comparison of demographics, peri-operative characteristics, and outcomes among neonates with and without an infection following the Norwood procedure
| Variable | No infection (n = 53) | Infection (n = 42) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age at surgery (days) | 5 ± 2 | 5 ± 2 | 0.25 |
| Gender (male) | 36 (68) | 28 (67) | 1.00 |
| Weight (kg) | 3.13 ± 0.44 | 3.15 ± 0.52 | 0.79 |
| Height (cm) | 49.79 ± 3.18 | 48.69 ± 4.13 | 0.16 |
| Ethnicity | 0.05 | ||
| Hispanic/Latino | 37 (69.8) | 21 (50) | |
| (Not Hispanic/Latino) | 16 (30.2) | 21 (50) | |
| Operative characteristics | |||
| Cardiopulmonary bypass time (min) | 166.38 ± 36.76 | 188.48 ± 40.54 | 0.007 |
| Cross clamp time (min | 69.22 ± 13.97 | 69.67 ± 18.75 | 0.90 |
| Circulatory arrest time (min), med (IQR) | 3.5 (0, 7) | 5 (3.25, 12.75) | 0.10 |
| Shunt type | 0.37 | ||
| mBTS | 14 (26.4) | 15 (35.7) | |
| Sano (RV-PA) shunt | 39 (73.6) | 27 (64.3) | |
| Postoperative characteristics | |||
| Delayed sternal closure | 22 (41.5) | 29 (69) | 0.01 |
| Peritoneal drain | 20 (37.7) | 25 (59.5) | 0.04 |
| Postoperative steroids | 25 (47.2) | 28 (66.7) | 0.07 |
| Vasoactive inotrope score, POD 0 (med, IQR) | 14 (12, 17) | 18 (14, 23.25) | 0.0006 |
| Vasoactive inotrope score, POD 1 (med, IQR) | 16 (13, 21.5) | 21 (19, 25.25) | 0.0004 |
| Vasoactive inotrope score, POD 2 (med, IQR) | 13 (10, 16) | 18.5 (14, 22.25) | 0.0008 |
| Vasoactive inotrope score, POD 3 (med, IQR) | 9 (7, 13) | 14 (9.5, 20.25) | 0.005 |
| Vasoactive inotrope score, POD 4 (med, IQR) | 5 (5, 8) | 10 (4, 15.25) | 0.001 |
| Acute kidney injury (measured serum creatinine) | 15 (28.3) | 23 (54.8) | 0.01 |
| Acute Kidney Injury (corrected for % fluid overload) | 15 (28.3) | 27 (64.3) | 0.0008 |
| Outcomes | |||
| Duration of mechanical ventilation (days) | 4 (3, 5) | 6 (5, 8) | <0.0001 |
| Intensive care unit length of stay, days, (med, IQR) | 13 (11, 16) | 22 (18, 33) | <0.0001 |
| Hospital length of stay, days, (med, IQR) | 29 (22, 39) | 43 (37, 57) | < 0.0001 |
| Mortality | |||
| Operative (in-hospital or within 30 days) | 5 (9.43) | 7 (16.67) | 0.36 |
| Other mortality | 5 (9.43) | 8 (19.05) | 0.23 |
Unless otherwise indicated, continuous variables are reported with mean and standard deviation and categorical variables as number (n) with percent (%) med median, IQR interquartile range, POD postoperative day, mBTS modified Blalock-Taussig shunt, RV-PA right ventricle to pulmonary artery