Table 1.

Medications associated with acquired methemoglobinemia

Drug class	Medications implicated in cases of methemoglobinemia
Analgesics	Acetaminophen (generally in overdose or combination with other oxidative stresses), Buprenorphine-naloxone, Celecoxib, Ibuprofen, Phenazopyridine
Anesthetics	Benzocaine, Lidocaine, Prilocaine (including topical creams), Tetracaine
Antiemetics	Metoclopramide
Antimicrobials	Atovaquone, Dapsone, Sulfonamides (sulfanilamide, sulfamethoxazole, sulfapyridine, sulfathiazide), Quinolones (chloroquine, primaquine)
Vasodilators	Amyl nitrate, Nitric oxide, Nitroglycerine, Nitroprusside
Xenobiotics	Aniline dyes, Naphthalene, Nitrates (ex: well water contamination), Nitrites (ex: fermented meats), Silver nitrate, Trinitrotoluene