Table 2.

Association between baseline usual health care provider and incidence of frailty.

	Incidence per 1000 persons- year	Basic adjusteda HR (95%CI)	p value	Fully adjustedb HR (95%CI)	p value
Private   doc-   tors	10 (9–12)	1 [reference]		1 [reference]
Public   clinic	27 (17–42)	2.73 (1.69–4.41)	< 0.001	1.56 (1.07–2.70)	0.03
HMO	17 (12–23)	1.65 (1.15–2.38)	0.007	1.48 (1.03–2.24)	0.03
Hospital/   ED	24 (15–37)	2.72 (1.68–4.38)	< 0.001	1.76 (1.03–3.02)	0.04

Notes: All the data are presented as hazard ratios (HRs) with their 95% confidence intervals.

Abbreviations: CI: confidence intervals; HR: hazard ratio; ED: emergency department; HMO health maintenance organization.

^aBasic adjusted model included age and sex.

^bFully adjusted model included as covariates: age (as continuous); sex; race (whites vs. others); body mass index (as continuous); education (degree vs. others); smoking habits (current and previous vs. others); yearly income (categorized as ≥ or < 50,000$ and missing data); Physical Activity Scale for Elderly score (as continuous); Charlson co-morbidity index; CES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; total energy intake (as continuous); number of frailty indexes at baseline (one vs. none); medical insurance (yes vs. no); transitions in health care during follow-up period.