Table 4.
Synthesis of results according to parenting exposure: higher quality studies (score >4) (n=18)
| Parenting role | Sexual and reproductive health | Mental health | Educational achievement | Adaptive functioning | Conduct disorder | Substance use | Total |
| Connection1 | 3↑47 50 59 | 3↑75*76 77 | 1↑66 | 7↑47 50 59 66 76 77 75* | |||
| Connection2 general communication | 1↑48 | 1↑48 | |||||
| Connection3 sexual and reproductive health communication | 1↔52 | 1↔52 | |||||
| Positive behaviour control1 (monitoring) | 4↑52 59 61 62 | 1↑54 | 5↑52 54 59 61 62 | ||||
| Negative behaviour control2 (harsh). | 1↓62 | 1↓76 | 1↓72 | 1↓66 | 2↓85 87
1(+C1)↑83 1 (-C1)↓88 |
1↓89 | 7↓62 66 72 76 85 87 89
1(+C1)↑83 1(-C1)↓88 |
| Role modelling (of positive or negative behaviour) | 1↓54 (negative modelling of substance use) | 1↓54(negative modelling) | |||||
| Provision and protection | |||||||
| Parenting style: authoritarian | |||||||
| Parenting style: authoritative | |||||||
| Total studies (18) | 7 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 18 |
+C1; with connection (warmth).
-C1; without connection (warmth).
Positive outcome↑, negative outcome↓, inconsistent↔.
*Indicates maternal.