Table 6. Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals, CI) of being underweight, overweight, or obese according to markers of socioeconomic status in women in Ghana (2014/15).
| Women | 1Model 1 | 2Model 2 | 1Model 1 | 2Model 2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI (Ref: normal/healthy BMI) | Central Adiposity (3WC≥80.0cm) | |||||||
| Underweight OR [95% CI] |
Overweight OR [95% CI] |
Obese OR [95% CI] |
Underweight OR [95% CI] |
Overweight OR [95% CI] |
Obese OR [95% CI] |
Central Adiposity OR [95% CI] |
Central Adiposity OR [95% CI] |
|
| Parental Education | ||||||||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| High | 0.28 (0.11, 0.71) ** | 2.04 (1.46, 2.84) *** | 3.34 (2.19, 5.10) *** | 0.31 (0.12, 0.75) ** | 1.84 (1.29, 2.62) *** | 2.59 (1.72, 3.91) *** | 1.77 (1.23, 2.54) ** | 1.51 (1.04, 2.19) * |
| Individual Education | ||||||||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| High | 0.50 (0.28, 0.89) * | 1.52 (1.13, 2.05) ** | 2.71 (1.90, 3.87) *** | 0.56 (0.32, 1.00) | 1.34 (0.99, 1.83) | 2.05 (1.45, 2.91) | 1.87 (1.35, 2.59) *** | 1.62 (1.16, 2.27) ** |
| Intergenerational Education Mobility | ||||||||
| Stable Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Stable High | 0.18 (0.06, 0.52) ** | 2.16 (1.42, 3.31) *** | 4.54 (2.77, 7.43) *** | 0.21 (0.07, 0.61) ** | 1.87 (1.19, 2.93) ** | 3.15 (1.96, 5.05) *** | 2.13 (1.31, 3.49) ** | 1.75 (1.03, 2.98) * |
| Upwardly | 0.67 (0.17, 1.59) | 1.32 (0.88, 1.98) | 2.18 (1.44, 3.28) *** | 0.73 (0.38, 1.38) | 1.17 (0.78, 1.77) | 1.71 (1.13, 2.60) ** | 1.80 (1.20, 2.69) ** | 1.60 (1.08, 2.37) * |
| Downwardly | 0.43 (0.11, 1.63) | 2.06 (1.22, 3.46) ** | 2.86 (1.61, 5.11) *** | 0.42 (0.12, 1.45) | 1.92 (1.11, 3.32) ** | 2.42 (1.30, 4.53) ** | 1.60 (0.91, 2.81) | 1.43 (0.82, 2.50) |
| Household Wealth Quintile | ||||||||
| Lowest | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Low | 1.09 (0.64, 1.86) | 1.26 (0.80, 1.99) | 1.39 (0.56, 3.45) | 1.01 (0.60, 1.72) | 1.19 (0.75, 1.88) | 1.19 (0.47, 2.98) | 1.51 (1.01, 2.27) * | 1.38 (0.92, 2.08) |
| Moderate | 0.99 (0.59, 1.67) | 1.61 (1.03, 2.51) * | 2.94 (1.84, 7.03) * | 1.21 (0.69, 2.11) | 1.44 (0.91, 2.28) | 2.02 (0.84, 4.89) | 2.10 (1.35, 3.27) *** | 1.79 (1.15, 2.79) ** |
| High | 0.96 (0.54, 1.70) | 2.74 (1.74, 4.29) *** | 4.91 (2.27, 10.15) *** | 1.10 (0.60, 2.02) | 2.30 (1.42, 3.71) *** | 3.75 (1.93, 7.68) *** | 2.36 (1.51, 3.69) *** | 1.86 (1.18, 2.93) ** |
| Highest | 0.62 (0.31, 1.24) | 4.31 (2.64, 7.06) *** | 6.29 (2.85, 16.77) *** | 0.76 (0.37, 1.58) | 3.44 (2.02, 5.88) *** | 4.48 (3.49, 9.59) *** | 3.19 (1.96, 5.20) *** | 2.34 (1.42, 3.85) *** |
*p<0.05
**p<0.01
***p<0.001
1Model 1- Adjusted for confounders including age, marital status and ethnicity
2Model 2- Adjusted for confounders and potential mediators including rural/urban location, whether a respondent was current smoker, former smoker or never smoked, regularly/currently drinks
alcohol, former or has never drunk alcohol, met the recommended daily fruit and vegetable intake level, and met the recommended weekly level of physical activity.
3sub-Sahara waist circumference cut-off point for women (WC≥80.0cm) [18]