Table 2.

Youth, parent, and practitioner reaction to and endorsement of pain prevention techniques not currently implemented in usual care

Technique	Youth (Y)/Parent (P)		Clinician endorsements/reactions
	Level of support, no. in favor of technique	Reactions
Prepare patients and children with education	6Y/4P	Desire more information regarding what to look for, how to respond to pain and swelling; some received suggestions during visit to use ice, massage, or warm shower or washcloth to reduce pain	YES, if educational information is given or sent before visit with no impact on clinic workflow
Breathing	4Y/5P	No experience with this technique; seems like it would be helpful	YES, this seems reasonable if clinic workflow not affected
Tactile stimulation near injection site	5Y/3P	May help; believe they have experienced this	YES, willing to do this if clinic workflow not overly affected
	2Y/2P	Do not believe this will help reduce pain
Topical anesthetics	4Y/5P	Unsure topical anesthetic would help reduce pain; difficult to administer before a visit	NO; most convinced this does not help; no time or resources to implement this
	3Y/1P	Believe could help and maybe could reduce anxiety