Table 4. Serum parameters, cognition and food intakes according to lipid-adjusted retinol status (n = 1754).
| Parameters, cognition and Food intake | Retinol/TG+TC | P value | |||
| Q1 (n = 429) | Q2 (n = 455) | Q3 (n = 440) | Q4 (n = 430) | ||
| Serum parameters (mmol/L) | |||||
| Glu | 6.26 (6.10, 6.42) | 6.06 (5.91, 6.21) | 5.78 (5.63, 5.93)b | 5.60 (5.44, 5.76)ab | 0.000 |
| TC | 5.55 (5.46, 5.64) | 5.18 (5.10, 5.26)a | 4.87 (4.78, 4.95)ab | 4.40 (4.31, 4.49)abc | 0.000 |
| TG | 2.53 (2.40, 2.66) | 1.85 (1.73, 1.98)a | 1.55 (1.43, 1.68)ab | 1.39 (1.26, 1.52)ab | 0.000 |
| HDL-C | 1.49 (1.46, 1.51) | 1.46 (1.43, 1.49) | 1.41 (1.38, 1.44)ab | 1.36 (1.33, 1.39)abc | 0.000 |
| LDL-C | 3.00 (2.92, 3.08) | 2.87 (2.79, 2.95)a | 2.90 (2.82, 2.98)a | 2.72 (2.64, 2.80) abc | 0.000 |
| Cognition | |||||
| Visual-spatial and executive | 3.43 (3.32, 3.55) | 3.66 (3.55, 3.77)a | 3.75 (3.64, 3.86)a | 3.93 (3.82, 4.05)abc | 0.000 |
| Naming | 2.84 (2.80, 2.88) | 2.86 (2.82, 2.90) | 2.89 (2.85, 2.93) | 2.94 (2.90, 2.98)a | 0.009 |
| Attention | 5.31 (5.21, 5.41) | 5.24 (5.15, 5.34) | 5.33 (5.24, 5.44) | 5.41 (5.31, 5.51) | 0.148 |
| Language | 1.90 (1.81, 1.98) | 1.97 (1.89, 2.05) | 2.06 (1.98, 2.14)a | 2.21 (2.13, 2.30)abc | 0.000 |
| Abstraction | 1.45 (1.39, 1.52) | 1.49 (1.43, 1.55) | 1.54 (1.48, 1.61) | 1.62 (1.55, 1.68)abc | 0.007 |
| Memory and delayed recall | 2.59 (2.44, 2.73) | 2.63 (2.49, 2.78) | 2.73 (2.59, 2.87) | 3.18 (3.03, 3.32)abc | 0.000 |
| Orientation | 5.82 (5.76, 5.89) | 5.77 (5.71, 5.84) | 5.77 (5.70, 5.83) | 5.86 (5.80, 5.93) | 0.140 |
| MoCA score | 23.36 (22.95, 23.76) | 23.66 (23.27, 24.04) | 24.25 (23.86, 24.65)ab | 25.51 (25.11, 25.91)abc | 0.000 |
| Food Items, (g/d) | |||||
| Fruit | 162.47 (151.91, 173.04) | 165.87 (155.75, 176.00) | 153.16 (142.89, 163.44) | 137.26 (126.68, 147.85)abc | 0.010 |
| Vegetable | 287.63 (274.68, 300.57) | 287.39 (274.98, 299.80) | 300.96 (288.37, 313.55) | 337.14 (324.17, 350.11)abc | 0.000 |
| Legume | 30.71 (28.09, 33.34) | 32.19 (29.67, 34.71) | 29.43 (26.89, 31.98) | 27.58 (24.94, 30.21) | 0.090 |
| Cooking oil | 28.42 (26.57, 30.26) | 29.05 (27.28, 30.82) | 30.08 (28.28, 31.88) | 31.14 (29.29, 32.99) | 0.195 |
| Fish | 18.70 (17.09, 20.32) | 20.47 (18.92, 22.01) | 19.94 (18.37, 21.51) | 19.33 (17.71, 20.95) | 0.440 |
| Whole grain | 44.08 (40.67, 47.49) | 41.86 (38.59, 45.12) | 35.53 (32.21, 38.85)ab | 25.37 (21.96, 28.79)abc | 0.000 |
| Red meat | 32.04 (29.14, 34.93) | 30.70 (27.93, 33.47) | 29.57 (26.75, 32.38) | 27.20 (24.30, 30.09) | 0.132 |
| Poultry | 13.44 (12.03, 14.85) | 14.28 (12.93, 15.63) | 13.59 (12.22, 14.96) | 13.52 (12.11, 14.93) | 0.820 |
| Nuts | 22.64 (20.26, 25.01) | 18.06 (15.78, 20.34)a | 15.56 (13.25, 17.87)a | 12.42 (10.04, 14.80)a | 0.000 |
| Milk | 141.29 (130.97, 151.61) | 124.35 (114.46, 134.23)a | 126.89 (116.86, 136.93) | 124.79 (114.46, 135.13) | 0.072 |
| Egg | 35.50 (33.69, 37.30) | 33.89 (32.16, 35.61) | 31.14 (29.39, 32.90)ab | 28.27 (26.47, 30.08)abc | 0.000 |
The data were represented as mean (95% CI) or percentage. General Linear Model (GLM) was used for the comparison of serum parameters, cognitive performance and daily dietary intakes. During the comparison of serum parameter, possible confounding factors including gender, age, BMI, smoking habit, alcohol drinking, physical activity, diabetes and hyperlipidemia were adjusted; During the comparison of cognition, confounding factors including gender, age, BMI, smoking habit, physical activity, alcohol drinking, education level and AD family history were adjusted; During comparison of daily dietary intakes, confounding factors including gender, age, BMI, smoking habit, physical activity and alcohol drinking were adjusted. MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; Glu: glucose; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; Q: quartile; a: comparing with Q1 group, P < 0.05; b: comparing with Q2 group, P < 0.05; c: comparing with Q3 group, P < 0.05.