Table 8. Comparison of serum parameters, cognition and food intakes in normal and MCI subjects according to ApoE genotype.
| Parameters and genotype | Normal (n = 1171) | MCI (n = 583) | P value | |||||||||||||
| ApoE3(n = 812) | ApoE2 (n = 151) | ApoE4 (n = 208) | ApoE3 (n = 389) | ApoE2 (n = 98) | ApoE4 (n = 96) | |||||||||||
| Serum parameters | ||||||||||||||||
| GLU (mmol/L) | 5.89 (5.75, 6.02) | 5.89 (5.58, 6.19) | 5.72 (5.46, 5.98) | 6.08 (5.89, 6.28) | 6.02 (5.64, 6.40) | 6.22 (5.82, 6.59) | 0.167 | |||||||||
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.96 (4.89, 5.03) | 4.83 (4.67, 5.00) | 5.07 (4.93, 5.21)b | 5.07 (4.93, 5.21)b | 5.09 (4.89, 5.30)b | 5.18 (4.97, 5.39)b | 0.044 | |||||||||
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.73 (1.64, 1.83) | 2.20 (1.97, 2.43)a | 2.04 (1.84, 2.23)a | 1.76 (1.61, 1.91)bc | 1.88 (1.59, 2.16) | 1.90 (1.61, 2.19) | 0.002 | |||||||||
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.40 (1.38, 1.42) | 1.44 (1.40, 1.49) | 1.40 (1.36, 1.44) | 1.47 (1.44, 1.50)ac | 1.55 (1.49, 1.61)abcd | 1.45 (1.39, 1.51)e | 0.000 | |||||||||
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.96 (2.90, 3.02) | 2.62 (2.48, 2.76)a | 3.00 (2.88, 3.12)b | 2.82 (2.73, 2.91)ac | 2.66 (2.49, 2.83)ac | 2.84 (2.66, 3.01)c | 0.018 | |||||||||
| a-TOH (μmol/L) | 26.56 (11.20, 11.68) | 28.16 (26.86, 29.46)a | 27.83 (26.72, 28.92) | 27.81 (27.00, 28.63)a | 28.56 (26.93, 30.16)a | 28.60 (26.98, 30.23)a | 0.030 | |||||||||
| γ-TOH (μmol/L) | 4.22 (4.10, 4.34) | 4.54 (4.25, 4.82) | 4.44 (4.20, 4.68) | 4.37 (4.20, 4.56) | 4.44 (4.08, 4.80) | 4.66 (4.30, 5.04) | 0.103 | |||||||||
| a-TOH/TG+TC(μmol/mmol) | 4.06 (3.99, 4.11) | 4.11 (3.97, 4.27) | 3.99 (3.88, 4.13) | 4.16 (4.09, 4.27) | 4.20 (4.02, 4.39) | 4.90 (3.91, 4.27) | 0.750 | |||||||||
| γ-TOH/TG+TC(μmol/mmol) | 0.65 (0.62, 0.70) | 0.65 (0.62, 0.70) | 0.65 (0.60, 0.67) | 0.65 (0.63, 0.72) | 0.67 (0.63, 0.72) | 0.67 (0.63, 0.72) | 0.847 | |||||||||
| Retinol (μmol/L) | 2.02 (1.99, 2.06) | 1.99 (1.89, 2.09) | 1.95 (1.85, 2.02) | 1.82 (1.75, 1.85)ac | 1.82 (1.71, 1.92)ac | 1.61 (1.50, 1.75)abcde | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Retinol/TG+TC(μmol/mmol) | 0.31 (0.31, 0.31) | 0.31 (0.28, 0.31) | 0.28 (0.28, 0.31)a | 0.28 (0.28, 0.28)a | 0.28 (0.24, 0.28)a | 0.24 (0.21, 0.24)abcde | 0.000 | |||||||||
| α-TOH/retinol | 14.72 (14.24, 15.19) | 15.81(14.71, 16.91) | 15.97 (15.03, 16.91)a | 17.06 (16.37, 17.75)ac | 16.83 (15.47, 18.19)a | 19.40 (18.03, 20.77)abcde | 0.000 | |||||||||
| γ-TOH/retinol | 2.32 (2.23, 2.41) | 2.49 (2.28, 2.71) | 2.50 (2.32, 2.68) | 2.69 (2.55, 2.82)a | 2.63 (2.37, 2.90)a | 3.17 (2.84, 3.44)abcde | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Cognition | ||||||||||||||||
| Visual-spatial and executive | 4.13 (4.06, 4.20) | 3.99 (3.82, 4.15) | 4.08 (3.94, 4.22) | 2.88 (2.78, 2.99)ac | 2.89 (2.68, 3.10)a | 2.65 (2.44, 2.86)abc | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Naming | 2.94 (2.91, 2.97) | 2.96 (2.89, 3.02) | 2.96 (2.90, 3.01) | 2.80 (2.76, 2.84)ac | 2.74 (2.66, 2.82)a | 2.55 (2.47, 2.63)abcde | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Attention | 5.61 (5.54, 5.68) | 5.50 (5.34, 5.66) | 5.64 (5.50, 5.77) | 4.81 (4.71, 4.90)ac | 4.73 (4.53, 4.92)a | 4.57 (4.37, 4.77)abc | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Language | 2.35 (2.29, 2.40) | 2.40 (2.27, 2.51) | 2.28 (2.17, 2.38) | 1.40 (1.32, 1.47)ac | 1.46 (1.31, 1.62)a | 1.31 (1.16, 1.47)abc | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Abstraction | 1.73 (1.69, 1.77) | 1.82 (1.72, 1.92) | 1.73 (1.65, 1.81) | 1.10 (1.04, 1.16)ac | 0.89 (0.77, 1.02)ad | 1.17 (1.04, 1.29)abce | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Memory and delayed recall | 3.31 (3.22, 3.40) | 3.33 (3.12, 3.54) | 3.27 (3.09, 3.44) | 1.72 (1.59, 1.86)ac | 1.68 (1.41, 1.94)a | 1.57 (1.30, 1.83)abc | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Orientation | 5.94 (5.89, 5.98) | 5.96 (5.85, 6.06) | 5.90 (5.81, 5.99) | 5.61 (5.45, 5.68)ac | 5.44 (5.31, 5.57)ad | 5.37 (5.24, 5.50)abc | 0.000 | |||||||||
| MoCA score | 26.19 (25.98, 26.40) | 26.11 (25.62, 26.61) | 26.03 (25.61, 26.45) | 20.42 (20.11, 20.73)ac | 19.87 (19.25, 20.49)a | 19.20 (18.58, 19.82)abc | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Food item, (g/d) | ||||||||||||||||
| Fruit | 156.79 (149.11, 164.47) | 156.27 (138.55, 173.99) | 158.62 (143.31, 173.93) | 151.07 (139.71, 162.43) | 156.90 (134.59, 179.21) | 157.97 (135.56, 180.39) | 0.970 | |||||||||
| Vegetable | 312.61 (303.16, 322.06) | 311.88 (290.08, 333.67) | 308.92 (290.09, 327.75) | 293.78 (279.81, 307.76)a | 281.14 (253.71, 308.58)a | 272.52 (244.95, 300.09)abc | 0.018 | |||||||||
| Legume | 29.57 (27.66, 31.47) | 32.37 (27.98, 36.76) | 28.46 (24.67, 32.25) | 30.45 (27.63, 33.26) | 28.60 (23.07, 34.13) | 31.92 (26.37, 37.47) | 0.737 | |||||||||
| Cooking oil | 29.57 (28.24, 30.93) | 29.88 (26.78, 32.98) | 29.05 (26.37, 31.73) | 30.04 (28.02, 31.99) | 30.06 (26.15, 33.96) | 28.82 (24.89, 32.74) | 0.990 | |||||||||
| Fish | 21.00 (19.83, 22.17) | 18.44 (15.75, 21,13) | 17.50 (15.18, 19.83)a | 19.45 (17,73, 21.18) | 18.29 (14.91, 21.68) | 16.10 (12.70, 19.50)a | 0.016 | |||||||||
| Whole grain | 33.38 (30.89, 35.88) | 35.76 (30.01,41.52) | 34.90 (29.93, 39.87) | 44.63 (40.94, 48.32)ac | 37.48 (30.23, 44.72) | 39.07 (31.79, 46.34) | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Red meat | 29.96 (27.87, 32.05) | 25.63 (20.80,30.46) | 30.80 (26.63, 34.98) | 31.65 (28.55, 34.74) | 25.25 (19.16, 31.33) | 33.57 (27.46, 39.68) | 0.156 | |||||||||
| Poultry | 14.60 (13.60, 15.61) | 11.65 (9.33,13.97) | 13.10 (11.09, 15.10) | 13.65 (12.17, 15.14) | 11.61 (8.68, 14.53) | 11.61 (8.67, 14.55) | 0.067 | |||||||||
| Nut | 16.55 (14.80, 18.30) | 20.36 (16.33,24.39) | 17.04 (13.56, 20.52) | 17.13 (14.54, 19.71) | 13.61 (8.54, 18.69) | 19.85 (14.75, 24.95) | 0.324 | |||||||||
| Milk | 127.33 (119.89, 134.77) | 129.79 (112.63,146.96) | 131.29 (116.46, 146.12) | 131.96 (120.95,142.96) | 125.51 (103.90,147.13) | 139.76 (118.05,161.48) | 0.906 | |||||||||
| Egg | 30.76 (29.45, 32.07) | 31.02 (28.00,34.03) | 33.49 (30.88, 36.09) | 34.66 (32.72, 36.59)a | 36.60 (32.81, 40.40)a | 30.68 (26.86, 34.49) | 0.003 | |||||||||
The data were represented as mean (95% CI) or percentage. General Linear Model (GLM) was used for the comparison of serum parameters, cognitive performance and daily dietary intakes. During the comparison of serum parameter, possible confounding factors including gender, age, BMI, smoking habit, alcohol drinking, usage of antioxidant supplement, physical activity, diabetes and hyperlipidemia were adjusted; During the comparison of cognition, confounding factors including gender, age, BMI, smoking habit, physical activity, alcohol drinking, education level and AD family history were adjusted; During comparison of daily dietary intakes, confounding factors including gender, age, BMI, smoking habit, physical activity and alcohol drinking were adjusted. MCI: mild cognitive impairment; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; α-TOH: α-tocopherol; γ-TOH: γ-tocopherol; ApoE: Apolipoprotein E; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment. P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. a: Comparing with normal-ApoE3 subjects P < 0.05; b: comparing with normal-ApoE2 subjects, P < 0.05; c: comparing with normal-ApoE4 subjects, P < 0.05; d: comparing with MCI-ApoE3 subjects, P < 0.05; e: comparing with MCI-ApoE2 subjects, P < 0.05.