Table 1. Univariate analysis comparing CN participants with MCI participants with Good SPE and Poor SPE performance.
|
CN N = 68 |
MCI - Good SPE N = 67 |
MCI - Poor SPE N = 52 |
Overall p value | |
| Age, mean (SD), years | 62.34 (6.80) | 66.61 (7.82) | 68.89 (7.47) | <0.001†‡ |
| Race, No. (%), Chinese | 64 (94.1%) | 62 (92.5%) | 45 (86.5%) | 0.224 |
| Gender, No. (%), female | 38 (55.9%) | 38 (56.7%) | 20 (38.5%) | 0.125 |
| Education, mean (SD), years | 13.49 (3.12) | 11.42 (3.51) | 10.79 (3.22) | <0.001†‡ |
| Currently employed, No. (%) | 33 (48.5%) | 22 (32.8%) | 12 (23.1%) | 0.005‡ |
| Diabetes mellitus, No. (%) | 12 (17.7%) | 16 (24.2%) | 12 (23.1%) | 0.616 |
| Hypertension, No. (%) | 22 (32.4%) | 26 (39.4%) | 23 (44.2%) | 0.447 |
| Hyperlipidemia, No. (%) | 38 (55.1%) | 39 (59.1%) | 29 (55.8%) | 0.912 |
| History of stroke, No. (%) | 3 (4.4%) | 2 (3.0%) | 4 (7.7%) | 0.493 |
| History of AF, No. (%) | 3 (4.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (3.9%) | 0.169 |
| Current smoker, No. (%) | 1 (1.5%) | 3 (4.6%) | 3 (5.8%) | 0.648 |
| Consumes alcohol, No. (%) | 26 (38.2%) | 14 (21.2%) | 15 (28.9%) | 0.036 |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg m-2 | 23.87 (3.57) | 23.38 (2.75) | 23.12 (3.72) | 0.545 |
| ApoE ε4 carrier, No. (%) | 10 (14.7%) | 10 (14.9%) | 20 (38.5%) | 0.001‡§ |
| MMSE score, mean (SD) | 29.16 (1.00) | 27.60 (1.59) | 26.36 (1.61) | - |
| MoCA-SG score, mean (SD) | 28.35 (1.30) | 25.82 (2.74) | 23.64 (3.25) | - |
| Episodic memory | ||||
| Visual Reproduction II, mean (SD) | 28.15 (9.55) | 23.57 (10.66) | 14.98 (11.54) | <0.001†‡§ |
| Word Recognition, mean (SD)* | 0.51 (0.84) | 1.30 (1.94) | 2.98 (1.93) | <0.001†‡§ |
| Attention | ||||
| Symbol search, mean (SD) | 30.01 (7.83) | 24.60 (6.67) | 20.44 (7.00) | <0.001†‡§ |
| Color Trails 1, mean (SD), sec* | 50.09 (18.43) | 67.29 (32.76) | 82.56 (35.31) | <0.001†‡§ |
| Working memory | ||||
| Digit Span Forward, mean (SD) | 10.91 (2.09) | 9.34 (2.49) | 9.24 (2.08) | <0.001†‡ |
| Digit Span Backwards, mean (SD) | 9.65 (2.81) | 8.10 (2.24) | 7.24 (1.83) | <0.001†‡§ |
| Executive function | ||||
| Color Trails 2, mean (SD), sec* | 91.21 (22.05) | 124.70 (49.18) | 157.55 (60.51) | <0.001†‡§ |
| FAB, mean (SD) | 17.51 (0.68) | 16.24 (2.18) | 15.04 (2.19) | <0.001†‡§ |
| Language | ||||
| Fruit fluency, mean (SD) | 16.79 (3.47) | 14.46 (3.39) | 12.22 (3.89) | <0.001†‡§ |
| BNT uncued, mean (SD) | 26.71 (2.34) | 24.36 (3.69) | 23.37 (5.27) | <0.001†‡ |
| Visuospatial orientation | ||||
| ADAS-Cog Maze, mean (SD), sec* | 13.77 (7.08) | 19.89 (13.14) | 20.22 (11.51) | <0.001†‡ |
| Block Design raw score, mean (SD) | 42.97 (9.34) | 36.62 (9.01) | 31.65 (9.68) | <0.001†‡§ |
* higher values correspond to poorer outcomes; † statistically significant between CN and Good SPE participants; ‡ statistically significant between CN and Poor SPE participants; § statistically significant between Good SPE and Poor SPE participants. Abbreviations: AF: atrial fibrillation; ApoE ε4: apolipoprotein E ε4 allele; BMI: body mass index; BNT: Boston Naming Test; CN: cognitively normal; FAB: Frontal Assessment Battery; MCI: mild cognitive impairment; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA-SG: Montreal Cognitive Assessment – Singapore version; SPE: serial position effect.