Table 1.
General Characteristics of Study Population.
| Characteristics | No HF | HFrEF | HFpEF | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 59.9 (58.2 to 61.5) | 65 (61.5 to 68.5) | 63.9 (61.3 to 66.4) | 0.0033 * # |
| Male Sex | 179 (89.95%) | 52 (98.11%) | 80 (83.33%) | 0.0182 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 30 (29.1 to 30.8) | 28 (26.4 to 29.7) | 36 (34.4 to 37.5) | <0.0001 # $ |
| Hypertension | 151 (75.88%) | 43 (81.13%) | 87 (90.62%) | 0.0108 |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 82 (41.21%) | 27 (50.94%) | 67 (69.79%) | <0.0001 |
| Coronary Artery Disease | 50 (25.13%) | 28 (52.83%) | 29 (30.21%) | 0.0005 |
| Brachial SBP, mmHg | 142 (139 to 145) | 141 (136 to 147) | 148 (144 to 152) | 0.0541 |
| Carotid SBP, mmHg | 132 (129 to 136) | 136 (129 to 143) | 139 (134 to 144) | 0.0961 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure, mmHg | 82.2 (80.4 to 84.1) | 82.4 (79.1 to 85.8) | 82.8 (80.2 to 85.4) | 0.9496 |
| Mean Artery Pressure, mmHg | 102 (100 to 104) | 103 (99 to 107) | 104 (101 to 107) | 0.5122 |
| Carotid Pulse Pressure, mmHg | 49 (46.5 to 51.6) | 52.1 (47 to 57.1) | 55.3 (51.1 to 59.5) | 0.0289 # |
| Carotid-Radial PWV, mmHg | 9.7 (9.3 to 10.1) | 10.3 (9.5 to 11.1) | 9.6 (9.1 to 10.2) | 0.3727 |
| Carotid-Femoral PWV, m/s | 9.5 (9 to 10) | 10.2 (9.1 to 11.3) | 9.9 (9.1 to 10.7) | 0.3828 |
| Serum Magnesium (mg/dL) | 1.97 (1.91 to 2.03) | 1.96 (1.84 to 2.08) | 1.84 (1.75 to 1.92) | 0.0372 # |
| Serum Phosphate (mg/dL) | 3.38 (3.28 to 3.47) | 3.31 (3.1 to 3.5) | 3.41 (3.25 to 3.56) | 0.7686 |
| Serum Calcium (mg/dL) | 8.78 (8.14 to 9.38) | 8.7 (7.41 to 9.94) | 8.42 (7.54 to 9.34) | 0.8188 |
| LV EDV index (ml/m2) | 48.9 (46.8 to 51.1) | 76.4 (70.2 to 82.7) | 56.4 (52.4 to 60.4) | <0.0001 * # $ |
| LV EF | 57.3 (55.2 to 59.4) | 31.9 (29.8 to 34.1) | 61.3 (57.6 to 64.9) | <0.0001 * $ |
| LV Mass (g) | 139 (133 to 145) | 184 (169 to 200) | 164 (153 to 176) | <0.0001 * # |
| LV Mass Index (g/height1.7) | 30.6 (29.3 to 31.8) | 38.7 (35.7 to 41.6) | 37.2 (34.7 to 39.7) | <0.0001 * # |
| Medication use | ||||
| Estimated GFR (ml/1.73 m2) | 83.2 (78.8 to 87.5) | 74.2 (66.5 to 81.9) | 68.5 (63.3 to 73.6) | <0.0001 # |
| Beta Blockers | 80 (40.20%) | 47 (88.68%) | 62 (64.58%) | <0.0001 |
| Aspirin | 103 (51.76%) | 42 (79.25%) | 69 (71.88%) | <0.0001 |
| ACE Inhibitors | 86 (43.22%) | 39 (73.58%) | 49 (51.04%) | 0.0004 |
| ARBs | 17 (8.54%) | 7 (13.21%) | 20 (20.83%) | 0.0118 |
| Furosemide | 4 (2.01%) | 37 (69.81%) | 58 (60.42%) | <0.0001 |
| Digoxin | 3 (1.51%) | 2 (3.77%) | 2 (2.08%) | 0.5787 |
| Spironolactone | 4 (2.01%) | 7 (13.21%) | 7 (7.29%) | 0.0026 |
| Hydralazine | 6 (3.02%) | 8 (15.09%) | 10 (10.42%) | 0.0024 |
| Warfarin | 14 (7.04%) | 11 (20.75%) | 3 (3.12%) | 0.0006 |
| Calcium-channel blockers | 56 (28.14%) | 11 (20.75%) | 34 (35.42%) | 0.1542 |
| Insulin | 29 (14.57%) | 8 (15.09%) | 31 (32.29%) | 0.0010 |
Numbers represent mean (95%CI) or count (percentage); GFR=glomerular filtration rate.
*
Post-hoc P<0.05, No HF vs. HFpEF
#
Post-hoc P<0.05, HFrEF vs. HFpEF
$
Post-hoc P<0.05 No HF vs HFpEF.