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Cells were cultured on A) polystyrene dishes (POLY), B) scaffolds (SCA), or C) mechanically stimulated scaffolds (VIB) according to the schedule (D). During the first 12 hours of stimulation, the VIB cells were exposed to simultaneous 20% tensile stress and 200 Hz vibration every third minute. During the second 12 hours of stimulation, the cells were exposed to 0% tensile stress and no vibration.
