Fig. 4.

Quantitative changes in D. paulistorum male-specific pheromone compounds upon Wolbachia-knockdown. Violin plots show percentage of the four male-specific ester compounds of the total pheromone profiles (27 compounds) of A28 (a) and O11 (b). Individual replicates for wild type controls (wt) are shown in purple, and in orange for F₇ knockdown males (kd). Horizontal bars correspond to the mean. Tables below violin plots list corresponding percent change of compounds plus n-fold increase (↑) or decrease (↓) between wt and kd. Asterisks indicate statistical significance based on two-tailed p values from Student’s t tests. DA 11-docosenyl-acetate, TA 19-triacontenyl-acetate, MD methyl-(Z)-tetradecanoate, DU di-unsaturated acetate C₃₂H₆₀O₂. (Color figure online)