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. 2019 Jan 9;9:7. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37029-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Miniaturization of microPADs over time. (A) Plot of microPAD surface area versus reaction time for various concentrations of aqueous sodium periodate (NaIO₄). (B) Miniaturization comparisons of: non-patterned chromatography paper, microPADs with channel outlines (reduced wax), and microPADs with a full wax background (standard) in 0.5 M NaIO₄. Non-patterned chromatography paper displayed the greatest amount of miniaturization, albeit to a minor degree. For both plots, data points represent the mean of three replicates, and error bars represent one standard deviation from the mean. (C) Photograph of miniaturized microPAD (~78% reduction in surface area).