Figure 2.

Overview of biological activities affected by genistein. Genistein is involved in cell proliferation, regulation of cell cycle, apoptosis, angiogenesis and tumor cell metastasis. Antitumorigenic effects of genistein occur mainly via interaction with estrogen receptors. It also exerts an antioxidant effect. ↑ indicates upregulation, ↓ indicates downregulation. VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; EGF, epidermal growth factor; ANGPT2, angiopoietin 2; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; CTAP, connective tissue activation peptide; CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB.