Table 1.
Different physicochemical characteristics of European bee honey and stingless bee honey.
| Physicochemical properties | European bee Honeys | Stingless bee honeys | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tualang honey, Apis dorsata [28–30] | Manuka honey, Apis mellifera [31, 32] | Trigona spp. [6, 8, 27] | |
| Appearance | Dark brown | Light dark brown | Amber brown |
| Moisture content (%) | 23.30 | 18.70 | 25.00–31.00 |
| pH | 3.55–4.00 | 3.20–4.20 | 3.15–4.66 |
| Total reducing sugars (%) | 67.60 | 75.80 | 54.90–87.00 |
| Glucose (%) | 29.50 | 35.90 | 8.10–31.00 |
| Fructose (%) | 29.60 | 40.00 | 31.11–40.20 |
| Sucrose (%) | 0.60 | 2.80 | 0.31–1.26 |
| Maltose (%) | 7.85 | 1.20 | ND |
| Calcium (%) | 0.18 | 1.15 | 0.017 |
| Potassium (%) | 0.51 | 1.00 | 0.07 |
| Sodium (%) | 0.26 | 0.0008 | 0.012 |
| Magnesium (%) | 0.11 | 1.00 | 0.004 |
| Specific gravity | 1.34 | 1.39 | ND |
| Electrical conductivity (mS/cm) | 0.75–1.37 | 0.53 | 0.49–8.77 |
| Hydroxymethylfurfural HMF (mg/kg) | 46.17 | 400.00 | 8.80–69.00 |
| Ash content (g/100 g) | 0.19 | 0.03 | 0.01–0.12 |
ND: not detected.