Table 3.

Summary of therapeutic properties of European bee honey and stingless bee honey from previous studies.

Properties	Honey types and bee species	Therapeutic effects	Reference
Antidiabetic	Nigerian honey (Apis spp.)	Increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol	[61]
		Reduced hyperglycemia, triglycerides (TGs), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, coronary risk index (CRI), and cardiovascular risk index
	Gelam honey (Apis dorsata)	Increased expression of phosphorylated JNK and JKK-β. Reduced expression of TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐1β, and Akt phosphorylation	[62]
		Expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and Akt phosphorylation
	European bee honey (Apis spp.)	No effect on glucose level at low dosage	[63]
		Increased blood glucose at high dosage
	European bee honey and stingless bee honey (Apis cerana indica, Apis mellifera, Apis dorsata, Apis florae, and Trigona iridipennis)	Higher percentage of inhibition against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme (Trigona sp.)	[64]
	Stingless bee honey (Geniotrigona thoracica)	Prevent increased of fasting-blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterols (TC), TGs, and LDL levels	[65]
		Increased HDL and serum insulin levels
		Decreasedchanges of histopathological and oxidative stress expression level, inflammation, and apoptosis markers in pancreatic islets
		Increased expression level of insulin
Wound healing	Multifloral honey, West Bengal (Apis mellifera)	Close resemblance of D-spacing and collagen diameter to normal skin collagen (scanning electron microscope observation)	[66]
	Multifloral honey, Iran (Apis mellifera)	Increased Oedema and necrosis	[67]
		Less infiltration of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells
		Improve wound contraction
		Increased epithelialisation
		Increased concentrations of glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycan
	Multifloral honey, Ibadan, Nigeria (Apis mellifera)	Increased granulation tissue in electroscalpel (ES) wound	[68]
		Increased fibroelastic tissue in honey treated wounds of ES group and honey treated wound cold scalpel
	Tualang honey (Apis dorsata)	High tensile strength of colon anastomosis and fibroblast count	[69]
		High inflammatory cells
	European bee honey (Apis spp.)	High hydroxyproline level in jaundiced animals treated with honey	[70]
		High bursting pressure
	Stingless bee honey (Trigona spp.)	Prevent growth of rifampicin-resistant S. aureus and maintaining the sensitivity of S. aureus towards rifampicin	[71]
	Stingless bee honey (Apis mellipodae)	Showed effective effects in inhibiting growth of S. aureus and other pathogenic bacteria	[11]
	European bee honey (Apis spp.)	Stimulates healing process, clears infection, stimulates tissue regeneration, and reduces Inflammation	[58, 72, 73]
Anticancer	European bee honey (Apis mellifera)	Increased number of viable HepG2 cells in the human hepatoma cell (HepG2) treatment	[74]
		Improvement of the total antioxidant status
		Caspase-3 activity is time and dose-dependent
	Multifloral honey (Apis mellifera)	Increased rate of incidence, the efficacy to multiply, and the tumor size	[75]
	Stingless bee (Trigona spp.)	Reduced the total number of ACF and aberrant crypt and multiplicity of crypt	[76]
		No changes in the level of blood profile parameters, liver enzymes, and kidney functions
	Trigona incisa, Timia apicalis, Trigona fusco-balteata, and Trigona fuscibasis	Increased cytotoxicity effects towards HepG2 cell line, while propolis crude extracts exhibit high cytoxicity effects towards all the human cancer cell lines	[77]
Treatment of eye diseases	Honeydew honey(Apis mellifera)	Bacterial flora in the conjunctival sac of patients with cataract and scheduled for vitrectomy was successfully eradicated after 7 days	[78]
	Australian and New Zealand honey (Leptospermum sp.)	Reduced formation of the whole colony-forming units in the eyelids and conjunctivae in patients with dry eye syndrome after one and three months of therapy	[79]
	Tualang honey (Apis dorsata)	No difference between the conventional treatment with Tualang honey eye treatment for chemical eye injury	[80]
	European bee honey (Apis spp.)	Corneas manifested an immediate regression of the corneal oedema	[81]
	Stingless bee (Trigona spp.)	Retardation of the cataract progress in 20% of the rats in the group that received honey for the opacification treatment	[82]
	Stingless bee honey (Meliponula spp.)	Reduced the infection time for eye diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa	[83]
Fertility	Tualang honey (Apis dorsata)	Increased intromission and ejaculation percentage in rats	[84]
		Increased rate of fertility and mating
	Honey Uremia, Iran (Apis spp.)	Reduced apoptosis and necrosis rate of the testicular cells in cells affected by noise stress and thereby increased cell viability	[85]
	Tualang honey (Apis dorsata)	Beneficial effects on level of corticosterone, pregnancy outcome, and adrenal histomorphometry	[86]
	Tualang honey (Apis dorsata)	Reduced cortisol and increased progesterone level of stress-induced female rats	[87]
		Increased testicular, epididymal weights, epididymal sperm count, motility, viability in nondiabetic, and sperm quality	[88]