LC-MS profile and sequence of cyclotides characterized from V. yedoensis. Panel A shows the LC-MS profile of the crude extract run at a 1%/min gradient of solvent 2 (90% CH3CN, 0.1% HCO2H): solvent 1 (0.1% HCO2H) starting at 15% solvent 2. Each major peak is labeled sequentially according to elution time, and the characterized cyclotides are labeled in bold. The sequences of the identified cyclotides are shown in panel B. Peak 3 was difficult to purify and gave multicomponent MS/MS spectra, which were difficult to interpret, and it was not examined further. Cyclotides have three disulfide bonds, and the disulfide connectivity is likely to be conserved across all cyclotides. The disulfide connectivity of the prototypic cyclotide, kalata B1, is shown in Figure 1.