Table 2.
Characteristics of participants and sociodemographic determinants associated with awareness towards hepatitis B (n = 764)
| Variable | Frequency (%) | Mean score (±SD) | p-value | Awareness (good/poor) | Univariate logistic (good vs. poor) | Multivariate logistic (good vs. poor) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |||||
| Gender | 0.124 | |||||||
| Male (R) | 416 (54.5) | 1.89 (1.31) | 151/265 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Female | 348 (45.5) | 2.09 (1.30) | 146/202 | 1.27 (0.95–1.70) | 0.110** | 1.53 (1.07–2.18) | 0.019 | |
| Age (years old) | < 0.001** | |||||||
| 25–34 (R) | 275 (36.0) | 1.70 (1.28) | 76/199 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 35–44 | 232 (30.4) | 2.17 (1.20) | 107/125 | 2.24 (1.55–3.24) | < 0.001** | 2.07 (1.36–3.16) | 0.001** | |
| 45–54 | 162 (21.2) | 2.04 (1.35) | 68/94 | 1.89 (1.26–2.85) | 0.002** | 1.81 (1.12–2.91) | 0.015* | |
| 55 and above | 95 (12.4) | 2.24 (1.46) | 46/49 | 2.46 (1.52–3.98) | < 0.001** | 2.95 (1.58–5.53) | 0.001** | |
| Ethnicity | 0.001** | |||||||
| Indian (R) | 125 (16.4) | 1.86 (1.35) | 43/82 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Malay | 453 (59.3) | 1.87 (1.27) | 157/296 | 1.01 (0.67–1.53) | 0.957 | 0.96 (0.62–1.49) | 0.848 | |
| Chinese | 182 (23.8) | 2.32 (1.34) | 95/87 | 2.08 (1.30–3.33) | 0.002** | 1.75 (1.06–2.89) | 0.027* | |
| Others | 4 (0.5) | 2.25 (1.50) | 2/2 | 1.91 (0.26–14.01) | 0.526 | 2.38 (0.29–19.43) | 0.420 | |
| Marital status | < 0.001** | |||||||
| Single (R) | 147 (19.2) | 1.61 (1.32) | 44/103 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Married | 600 (78.5) | 2.08 (1.30) | 248/352 | 1.65 (1.12–2.43) | 0.012* | 1.30 (0.79–2.12) | 0.302 | |
| Widowed and divorced | 17 (2.2) | 1.53 (1.13) | 5/12 | 0.98 (0.32–2.93) | 0.965 | 0.88 (0.26–2.94) | 0.829 | |
| Employment status | 0.745 | |||||||
| Public sectors (R) | 101 (13.2) | 1.94 (1.30) | 36/65 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Private sectors | 222 (29.1) | 1.95 (1.35) | 85/137 | 1.12 (0.69–1.83) | 0.649 | 1.21 (0.72–2.02) | 0.480 | |
| Self-employment | 184 (24.1) | 2.04 (1.28) | 77/107 | 1.30 (0.79–2.15) | 0.306 | 1.28 (0.74–2.20) | 0.382 | |
| Student | 27 (3.5) | 1.78 (1.22) | 8/19 | 0.76 (0.30–1.91) | 0.560 | 1.36 (0.49–3.75) | 0.556 | |
| Retired | 54 (7.1) | 2.13 (1.42) | 24/30 | 1.44 (0.74–2.83) | 0.285 | 1.07 (0.48–2.36) | 0.873 | |
| Unemployed | 156 (20.4) | 1.92 (1.24) | 57/99 | 1.04 (0.62–1.75) | 0.884 | 0.96 (0.53–1.74) | 0.889 | |
| Others | 20 (2.6) | 2.30 (1.53) | 10/10 | 1.81 (0.69–4.75) | 0.231 | 1.411 (0.50–3.98) | 0.516 | |
| Educational attainment | < 0.001** | |||||||
| Illiterate or primary school (R) | 51 (6.7) | 1.27 (1.20) | 10/41 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Secondary education | 361 (47.3) | 1.99 (1.32) | 146/215 | 2.78 (1.35–5.73) | 0.005** | 3.58 (1.66–7.71) | 0.001** | |
| Diploma/ certificate | 193 (25.3) | 2.02 (1.24) | 77/116 | 2.72 (1.29–5.76) | 0.009** | 4.57 (2.00–10.44) | < 0.001** | |
| Degree holder | 131 (17.1) | 2.02 (1.37) | 49/82 | 2.45 (1.13–5.33) | 0.024* | 4.13 (1.75–9.75) | 0.001** | |
| Postgraduate | 28 (3.7) | 2.64 (1.16) | 15/13 | 4.73 (1.72–13.05) | 0.003** | 7.60 (2.55–22.68) | < 0.001** | |
| Family income (RM) | 0.287 | |||||||
| ≤ 2000 (R) | 183 (24.0) | 1.80 (1.37) | 68/115 | 1 | ||||
| 2001–3000 | 178 (23.3) | 1.98 (1.20) | 71/107 | 1.12 (0.73–1.72) | 0.594 | |||
| 3001–4000 | 125 (16.4) | 2.07 (1.36) | 50/75 | 1.13 (0.71–1.80) | 0.615 | |||
| 4001–5000 | 88 (11.5) | 2.02 (1.20) | 32/56 | 0.97 (0.57–1.64) | 0.899 | |||
| > 5000 | 190 (24.9) | 2.07 (1.36) | 76/114 | 1.13 (0.74–1.71) | 0.573 | |||
*Significance at 0.05
**Significance at 0.01
aAnalysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio, R reference group, RM Ringgit Malaysia, SD standard deviation