Table 1. Study characteristics for included studies with healthy older adults.
| Author, year | N (#♀) Intervention/control |
Age (M±SD) Intervention/control |
Baseline MMSE (M±SD) Intervention/control |
Intervention type (ar/an/mc/pm)a | Intervention activities | Program duration (weeks), session duration (minutes), frequency(#/wk) | Exercise intensity | Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albinet et al., 2010 | 12(6) / 12(7) | 70.9±4.9 / 70.4±3.4 | 28.5±1.1 / 29±0.9 | ar | walking, circuit-training, step, gradually running | 12,60,3 | 40–60% HRR+HRrest | stretching |
| Albinet et al., 2016 | 19(13) / 17(13) | 67±5 / 66±5 | 29.1±1.1 / 28.7±1.5 | ar | aerobics, swimming | 21,60,2 | 40–65% HRR | stretching |
| Ansai & Rebelatto, 2015 | 23(17) / 23(15) 23(15) / 23(15) |
81.9±1.9 / 82.6±2.6 82.8±2.8 / 82.6±2.6 |
24.3±3.3 / 25.3±3.5 25.1±3.4 / 25.3±3.5 |
mc an | cycle ergometer & strength exercises of major muscle groups with extra loading leg press, chest press, calf, back extension, abdominal and rowing | 16,60,3 | AR: 60–85% of HRR, AN: 70–80% of 1RM corresponding to RPE 14–17, 2 sets of 1–15 repetitions 90–100% 1RM as referred by authors, 3 sets of 10–12 repetitions | non-active |
| ……‥ | ……‥ | |||||||
| Best et al., 2015 | 54♀♀ / 49♀♀ | 69.5±2.7 / 70.0±3.3; | 28.5±1.3 / 28.8±1.2; | an | resistance training with machine and non-machine exercises | 52,60,1 | 80–100% of 1RM corresponding to ‘high intensity’, 2 sets of 6–8 repetitions | balance and tone |
| 52♀♀ / 49♀♀ | 69.4±3.0 / 70.0±3.3 | 28.6±1.5 / 28.8±1.2 | an | resistance training with machine and non-machine exercises | 52,60,2 | 80–100% of 1RM corresponding to ‘high intensity’, 2 sets of 6–8 repetitions | balance and tone | |
| Coetsee & Terblanche, 2017 | 13(10) / 19(11) | 64.5±6.3 / 62.5±5.6 | MoCA: 27.9±1.5 / 28.2±1.6 |
ar | high-intensity interval treadmill walking | 16,30,3 | 4 intervals of 4 minutes at 90–95% HRmax, interspersed by 3 minutes active recovery at 70% HRmax |
no exercise |
| 13(10) / 19(11) | 61.6±5.8 / 62.5±5.6 | MoCA: 27.6±1.3 / 28.2±1.6 |
ar | continuous treadmill walking | 16,47,3 | 70–75% Hrmax | no exercise | |
| 22(15) / 19(11) | 62.4±5.1 / 62.5±5.6 | MoCA: 27.5±1.3 / 28.2±1.6 |
an | upper and lower body resistance exercises using machines and free weights | 16,30,3 | 50–100% of 10RM, 10 sets of 10 repetitions | no exercise | |
| Dao et al., 2013 | 37♀♀ / 36♀♀ | 69.2±2.6 / 69.8±3.2; | 28.8±1.2 / 28.8±1.2; | an | resistance training with machine and non-machine exercises | 52,60,1 | 80–100% of 1RM corresponding to ‘high intensity’, 2 sets of 6–8 repetitions | balance and tone |
| 41♀♀ / 36♀♀ | 69.4±3.0 / 69.8±3.2 | 28.5±1.6 / 28.8±1.2 | an | resistance training with machine and non-machine exercises | 52,60,2 | 80–100% of 1RM corresponding to ‘high intensity’, 2 sets of 6–8 repetitions | balance and tone | |
| Fabre et al., 2002 | 8(6)/ 8(7) | 65.4±2.2 / 65.7±1.5 | nrb | ar | walking and running | 8,60,2 | Ventilatory threshold corresponding to 50–70% HRmax | leisure activities |
| Ferreira et al., 2015 | 22(15) / 22(19) | 66.2±5.6 / 69.2±4.8 | 28.8±1.6 / 28.7±1.5 | ar | supervised walking | 24,40–50,3 | 60–80% HRR | social interaction |
| Iuliano et al., 2015 | 20(11) / 20(12) | 65.80±6.32 / 66.47±6.32 | nrb | an | whole-body strength exercises on isotonic machines | 12,30,3 | 60–85%1RM, 3 sets of 6–12 repetitions | non-active |
| 20(12) / 20(12) | 68.44±6.40 / 66.47±6.32 | nrb | ar | cardiovascular training on ergometer machines | 12,30,3 | 50–80% HRR | non-active | |
| 20(13) / 20(12) | 66.67±5.83 / 66.47±6.32 | nrb | pm | postural and balance exercises | 12,40,3 | 30–40% HRmax corresponding to ‘low intensity’ exercise | non-active | |
| Jonasson et al., 2017 | 29(15) / 29(17) | 68.4±2.54 / 69.0±2.91 | 28.7±1.16 / 29.5±0.64 | ar | walking or jogging, cycling or training on cross-trainer | 24,30–60, 3 | 40–80% HRmax | stretching and toning |
| Kimura et al., 2010 | 65(40) / 54(30) | 73.6±4.7 / 75.2±6.3 | 27.8±1.8 / 27.9±2.1 | an | progressive resistance and balance training | 12,90,2 | 60–100% of 1RM corresponding to ‘moderate to high intensity’, 2–3 sets of 10 repetitions | health education |
| Liu-Ambrose et al., 2010 | 54♀♀ / 49♀♀ | 69.5±2.7 / 70.0±3.3 | 28.5±1.3 / 28.8±1.2 | an | resistance training with machine and non-machine exercises | 52,60,1 | 80–100% of 1RM corresponding to ‘high intensity’, 2 sets of 6–8 repetitions | balance and tone |
| 52♀♀ / 49♀♀ | 69.4±3.0 / 70.0±3.3 | 28.6±1.5 / 28.8±1.2 | an | resistance training with machine and non-machine exercises | 52,60,2 | 80–100% of 1RM corresponding to ‘high intensity’, 2 sets of 6–8 repetitions | balance and tone | |
| Liu-Ambrose et al., 2012 | 20♀♀ / 17♀♀ | 69.7±2.8 / 69.2±3.2 | 28.6±1.2 / 29.1±1.1 | an | resistance training with machine and non-machine exercises | 52,60,1 | 80–100% of 1RM corresponding to ‘high intensity’, 2 sets of 6–8 repetitions | balance and tone |
| 15♀♀ / 17♀♀ | 68.9±3.2 / 69.2±3.2 | 29.1±0.8 / 29.1±1.1 | an | resistance training with machine and non-machine exercises | 52,60,2 | 80–100% of 1RM corresponding to ‘high intensity’, 2 sets of 6–8 repetitions | balance and tone | |
| Maass et al., 2015 | 21(11) / 19(11) | 68.8±4.5 / 67.9±4.1 | 28.95±0.92 / 28.95±0.91 | ar | interval training on stationary treadmills | 12,40,3 | 65–70% HRR | progressive muscle relaxation/stretching |
| Madden et al., 1989 | 25(11) / 26(14) | 66.52±4.07 / 66.62±3.54 | nrb | ar | supervised bicycle ergometry, walking/jogging | 16,60,3 | 70% HRR | wait list |
| Muscari et al., 2010 | 60(28) / 60(30) | 68.8±2.5 / 69.9±2.8 | 26.7±nr/27±nr | ar | cycle ergometer, treadmill and free-body activity | 52,60,3 | 70% HRmax | lifestyle education |
| Nouchi et al., 2013 | 32(nr**) / 32(nr**) | 66.75±4.61 / 67.06±2.82 | 27.91±1.25 / 27.94±1.27 | mc | combination aerobic, strength and stretching exercise | 4,30,3 | 60–80% HRmax | wait list |
| Ruscheweyh et al., 2011 | 20(14) / 21(14) | 60.1±6.2 / 58.1±6.7 | 29.5±0.8 / 29.3±0.8 | ar | nording walking | 24,50,3–5 | 50–60% maximal exertion | non-active |
| 21(13) / 21(14) | 62.5±6.4 / 58.1±6.7 | 29.2±0.8 / 29.3±0.8 | pm | stretching, limbering and toning of upper and lower extremities | 24,50,3–5 | 30–40% maximal exertion | non-active | |
| Shatil et al., 2013 | 31(22) / 29(19) | 79±5.76 / 81±5.25 | nrb | mc | cardiovascular workout seated and standing, strength training, flexibility training | 16,45,3 | 30–40% HRmax corresponding to ‘low intensity exercise’ | book club |
| Tsai et al., 2015 | 24♂♂ / 24♂♂ | 70.79±3.39 / 72.00±4.14 | 27.88±1.19 / 28.21±0.98 | an | core exercises with machines and free weights | 52,60,3 | 75–80% of 1RM, 3 sets of 10 repetitions | non-active |
| Tsai et al., 2017 | 21♂♂ / 21♂♂ | 66.2±4.9 / 65.7±3.5 | 27.5±3.03 / 27.7±1.80 | ar | cycling on bicycle ergometer or walking on treadmill | 24,40,3 | 70–75% HRR | balance and stretching |
| Tsutsumi et al., 1997 | 13(3) / 14(3) | 67.8±4.9 / 69.8±4.6 | nrb | an | major muscle exercises with weight machines | 12,20–34,3 | 75–85% of 1RM, 2 sets of 8–10 repetitions | no exercise |
| 14(3) / 14(3) | 68.9±7.5 / 69.8±4.6 | nrb | an | major muscle exercises with weight machines | 12,34–60,3 | 55–65% of 1RM, 2 sets of 14–16 repetitions | no exercise | |
| Vedovelli et al., 2017 | 20♀♀ / 9♀♀ | 83.0±6.5 / 77.3±9.9 | 24.1±3.30 / 24.8±3.30 | mc | walking, upper and lower body strengthening exercises | 12,60,3 | 75–85% HRmax, 50–75% 1RM, 3 sets of 10 repetitions | non-active |
aAr = aerobic; an = anaerobic; mc = multi-component; pm = psychomotor.
bnr = not reported.