Abstract
The last fifteen years have seen the emergence and overflow into the drug scene of “superpotent” N-benzylated phenethylamines belonging to the “NBOMe” series, accompanied by numerous research articles. Although N-benzyl substitution of 5-methoxytryptamine is known to increase its affinity and potency at 5-HT2 receptors associated with psychedelic activity, N-benzylated tryptamines have been studied much less than their phenethylamine analogs. To further our knowledge of the activity of N-benzyltryptamines, we have synthesized a family of tryptamine derivatives and, for comparison, a few 5-methoxytryptamine analogs with many different substitution patterns on the benzyl moiety, and subjected them to in vitro affinity and functional activity assays vs. the human 5-HT2 receptor subtypes. In the binding (radioligand displacement) studies some of these compounds exhibited only modest selectivity for either 5-HT2A or 5-HT2C receptors suggesting that a few of them, with affinities in the 10–100 nanomolar range for 5-HT2A receptors, might presumably be psychedelic. Unexpectedly, their functional (calcium mobilization) assays reflected very different trends. All of these compounds proved to be 5-HT2C receptor full agonists while most of them showed low efficacy at the 5-HT2A subtype. Furthermore, several showed moderate-to-strong preferences for activation of the 5-HT2C subtype at nanomolar concentrations. Thus, although some N-benzyltryptamines might be abuse-liable, others might represent new leads for the development of therapeutics for weight loss, erectile dysfunction, drug abuse, or schizophrenia.
Introduction
Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a bioactive compound present in a large variety of plants and animals. In mammals it is an autacoid or mediator of important functions in the gut and in blood platelets where it is most abundant, but in spite of its relative scarcity in the central nervous system its most widely known functions are as a neurotransmitter. The discovery of increasingly selective 5-HT receptor inhibitors has shown that serotonin is not only involved in important peripheral functions, but is also implicated in cognition, memory, emotion, the regulation of mood, the sleep-wake cycle, food intake, sexual activity, and in migraine, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia and hallucinations [1]. Serotonin activates a large number of receptor subtypes (14 to date). With the exception of the 5-HT3 receptor which is a ligand-gated ion channel, serotonin receptors couple to G proteins, and are thus related to the release of second messengers such as cyclic adenosine, inositol phosphate(s) and arachidonic acid. However, signaling via β-arrestin recruitment is an important alternative signaling route that may be involved in different pharmacological outcomes [2].
The 5-HT2 receptors form a close-knit trio of Gq/11 protein-coupled subtypes, with 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C showing somewhat greater sequence identity than the 5-HT2B subtype but still with more than 50% overall sequence similarities [3]. The 5-HT2A subtype is of particular relevance to schizophrenia and hallucination, and also seems to be involved in cognition, emotion, etc. The action of modern antipsychotic drugs such as clozapine and risperidone have a major 5-HT2A antagonist component. In contrast, many full or partial 5-HT2A agonists are well known hallucinogens, and classic psychedelics are believed to act primarily as 5-HT2A receptor agonists [4,5]. Although the 5-HT2B receptor is expressed in the central nervous system and drugs affecting its activity might be of therapeutic interest, it is now generally considered an antitarget due to the serious cardiovascular effects associated with its activation [6]. Finally, 5-HT2C receptor agonists have attracted attention over the last decade as appetite suppressants and as possible agents for the treatment of drug abuse, erectile dysfunction, and schizophrenia [7–9]. Very recently, positive modulators have been identified as an alternative for increasing 5-HT2C receptor signaling [10]. While a good number of 5-HT2 receptor subtype-selective antagonists have been identified, selective agonists are relatively rare and constitute an active field of research.
The investigation more than two decades ago of two series of N-benzyl and N-(4-substituted)benzyl derivatives of the psychedelic 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) and 5-methoxytryptamine suggested that these modifications induced mostly insignificant changes in 5-HT2A receptor binding. Significant losses in affinity were observed with the 5-HT2C receptor, leading to slight preferences for the 5-HT2A subtype (in only some cases up to 10-fold or little more) [11]. In contrast, the finding that N-benzylation caused a 4 to 5-fold increase in potency of the weak partial agonist 3-aminoethyl-2,4-(1H,3H)-quinazolinedione at 5-HT2A receptors, and that this effect was more marked with 2-methoxybenzyl substitution, led to the synthesis of a small set of tryptamine and phenethylamine derivatives [12–19], resulting in the discovery of the now notorious NBOMe drugs. A search in PubMed for the item “nbome” showed that at most two articles were published each year before 2010, the rate of publication rose to 25 by 2015, fell somewhat the next year, and then reached 32 in 2017, and 15 until mid-2018. Extensive structure-activity studies showed that most of the “superpotent” N-benzylated 2,5-dimethoxy-4-X-phenethylamines had negligible selectivity between 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors [13,16–20]. This led to a quest for more 5-HT2A-selective agonists, which was successful in very few cases [15,16].
The older literature records limited exploration of N-benzyl and N-4-substituted benzyl-5-methoxytryptamines [11], and doctoral theses addressing N-2-hydroxy- or–methoxybenzyl derivatives of tryptamine and 5-methoxytryptamine [12,14,21]. The only recent, systematic study, is the paper by Nichols [19] showing for the first time that introduction of a meta-methoxyl, methylthio or methyl group, or a chlorine, bromine or iodine atom on the benzyl substituent, is equally effective in raising 5-HT2A receptor affinities to low nanomolar Ki values, while ortho-methoxy or -bromo substitution are somewhat less favorable. Also, both agonist and antagonist radioligand displacement from the 5-HT2A receptor is usually favored minimally (by a factor of 2 to 4) over the 5-HT2C subtype. In vitro (Ca2+ mobilization) functional assays showed that almost all these compounds are high efficacy partial to full agonists at both receptor subtypes, in most cases with a tenfold or greater preference for the 5-HT2A receptor, and up to 40-fold for the 3-iodobenzyl derivative.
The literature records only three N-benzylated tryptamine derivatives lacking the 5-methoxy substituent, comparing them with the corresponding 5-methoxytryptamines in a rat tail artery assay [12,14]. These compounds were partial agonists at the 5-HT2A receptor, and were 2–4 times less potent than the 5-methoxy analogs, results that might be reasonably attributed to the absence of a hydrogen bond accepting methoxyl group on the indole moiety. It should be pointed out that the orthosteric binding site of 5-HT2 receptors contains serine, threonine and tyrosine residues that form hydrogen bonds with agonist and antagonist ligands [22,23]. It could be further conjectured that N-benzylated compounds with less interactions in the 5-HT2A receptor’s orthosteric site might more clearly reveal effects due to unmapped interactions in the extended binding site described for the highly homologous 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C receptor crystal structures [22–24]. In fact Halberstadt [25], citing Braden et al. [13], points out that “compounds having low-to-moderate affinity tend to be the most sensitive to the (N-benzyl) substitution”. We therefore decided to use tryptamine instead of its 5-methoxy derivative as the starting point for the synthesis and evaluation of a more extensive series of N-benzyl compounds. Nevertheless, we also prepared and assayed a small number of 5-methoxytryptamine derivatives for comparison of our data with the literature, and to see if this substitution on the indole ring is responsible for any consistent changes in affinity or potency (Fig 1).
Fig 1. General structure and numbering of the N-benzyltryptamines.
R5 = H, tryptamines; R5 = MeO, 5-methoxytryptamines.
For specific substitution patterns, see Tables 1 and 2.
Table 1. Human 5-HT2 receptor subtype binding affinities (pKi ± SEM, and Ki in parentheses) and 5-HT2A/2C and (in parentheses) 5-HT2C/2A selectivities of serotonin, tryptamine, and the synthesized compounds.
| Compound | R5 | RX | RY | 5-HT2A pKi ± S.E.M. (Ki) |
5-HT2B pKi ± S.E.M. (Ki) |
5-HT2C pKi ± S.E.M. (Ki) |
Selectivity 5-HT2A/2C (5-HT2C/2A) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5-HT | OH | 6.03 | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | ||
| Tryptamine | H | 5.39 ± 0.25 (4073.80) |
6.96 ± 0.06 (109.65) |
7.02 ± 0.08 (95.50) |
0.021 (46.7) |
||
| 1 | H | H | H | 6.61 ± 0.11 (245.47) |
7.00 ± 0.06 (100) |
6.73 ± 0.06 (186.21) |
0.75 (1.33) |
| 2 | H | 2-OH | H | 6.94 ± 0.20 (114.82) |
7.17 ± 0.05 (67.61) |
7.07 ± 0.10 (85.11) |
0.73 (1.37) |
| 3 | H | 2-OMe | H | 7.05 ± 0.14 (89.13) |
7.33 ± 0.11 (46.77) |
6.65 ± 0.11 (223.87) |
2.56 (0.39) |
| 4 | H | 2-Me | H | 48 ± 1* | 6.47 ± 0.07 (338.84) |
6.18 ± 0.05 (660.69) |
N.D. |
| 5 | H | 2-Cl | H | 7.92 ± 0.12 (12.02) |
7.63 ± 0.04 (23.44) |
7.61 ± 0.03 (24.55) |
2.04 (0.49) |
| 6 | H | 2-Br | H | 6.71 ± 0.08 (194.98) |
7.13 ± 0.07 (74.13) |
6.47 ± 0.12 (338.84) |
1.74 (0.57) |
| 7 | H | 3-OH | H | 7.12 ± 0.07 (75.86) |
7.43 ± 0.07 (37.15) |
7.59 ± 0.06 (25.70) |
0.36 (2.8) |
| 8 | H | 3-Me | H | 7.84 ± 0.06 (14.45) |
7.77 ± 0.03 (16.98) |
7.13 ± 0.03 (74.13) |
5.10 (0.20) |
| 9 | H | 3-F | H | 6.59 ± 0.08 (257.04) |
6.90 ± 0.05 (125.89) |
6.67 ± 0.06 (213.80) |
0.84 (1.19) |
| 10 | H | 3-Cl | H | 7.35 ± 0.07 (44.67) |
7.46 ± 0.06 (34.67) |
7.01 ±0.08 (97.72) |
2.17 (0.46) |
| 11 | H | 3-Br | H | 8.09 ± 0.14 (8.13) |
7.66 ± 0.07 (21.88) |
7.12 ± 0.07 (75.86) |
8 (0.13) |
| 12 | H | 4-OH | H | 6.04 ± 0.12 (912.01) |
6.31 ± 0.08 (489.78) |
6.00 ± 0.08 (1000) |
1.09 (0.92) |
| 13 | H | 4-OMe | H | 6.34 ± 0.10 (457.09) |
7.16 ± 0.10 (69.18) |
6.45 ± 0.08 (354.81) |
0.78 (1.28) |
| 14 | H | 4-Me | H | 6.38 ± 0.08 (416.87) |
7.13 ± 0.04 (74.13) |
6.48 ± 0.04 (331.13) |
0.81 (1.23) |
| 15 | H | 4-OEt | H | 6.56 ± 0.09 (275.42) |
6.57 ± 0.06 (269.15) |
6.13 ± 0.11 (741.31) |
2.66 (0.36) |
| 16 | H | 4-Cl | H | 6.15 ± 0.10 (707.95) |
6.65 ± 0.14 (223.87) |
6.02 ± 0.08 (954.99) |
1.37 (0.73) |
| 17 | H | 4-Br | H | 6.00 ± 0.06 (1000) |
6.58 ± 0.09 (263.03) |
5.97 ± 0.08 (1071.52) |
1.09 (0.92) |
| 18 | H | 4-NO2 | H | 5.58 ± 0.07 (2630.27) |
6.70 ± 0.11 (199.53) |
5.85 ± 0.11 (1412.54) |
0.54 (1.85) |
| 19 | H | 2-OH | 3-OMe | 7.58 ± 0.06 (26.30) |
7.88 ± 0.06 (13.18) |
7.78 ± 0.06 (16.60) |
0.58 (1.72) |
| 20 | H | 2-OMe | 3-OMe | 5.82 ± 0.16 (1513.56) |
6.71 ± 0.03 (194.98) |
5.95 ± 0.07 (1122.02) |
0.73 (1.37) |
| 21 | H | 2-OH | 3-Br | 7.85 ± 0.05 (14.13) |
7.81 ± 0.07 (15.49) |
6.86 ± 0.08 (138.04) |
9.8 (0.10) |
| 22 | H | 2-OH | 3-F | 6.68 ± 0.05 (208.93) |
6.89 ± 0.04 (128.82) |
6.75 ± 0.07 (177.83) |
0.82 (1.22) |
| 23 | H | 2-OH | 5-Me | 6.13 ± 0.06 (741.31) |
6.81 ± 0.04 (154.88) |
6.57 ± 0.08 (269.15) |
0.36 (2.77) |
| 24 | H | 2-OH | 5-F | 6.12 ± 0.04 (758.58) |
7.11 ± 0.07 (77.62) |
6.98 ± 0.07 (104.71) |
0.14 (7.15) |
| 25 | H | 2-OMe | 5-F | 6.44 ± 0.08 (363.08) |
7.02 ± 0.07 (95.50) |
6.82 ± 0.14 (151.36) |
0.42 (2.40) |
| 26 | H | 2-OH | 5-Br | 6.51 ± 0.09 (309.03) |
N.D. | 6.14 ± 0.06 (724.44) |
2.39 (0.42) |
| 27 | H | 2-OMe | 5-Br | 5.95 ± 0.09 (1122.02) |
7.04 ± 0.05 (91.20) |
6.87 ± 0.09 (134.90) |
0.12 (8.22) |
| 28 | H | 2-OMe | 5-Cl | 6.01 ± 0.09 (977.24) |
6.10 ± 0.06 (794.33) |
5.88 ± 0.06 (1318.26) |
1.35 (0.74) |
| 29 | H | 2-OMe | 5-OMe | 6.48 ± 0.09 (331.13) |
7.24 ± 0.04 (57.54) |
7.06 ± 0.06 (87.10) |
0.26 (3.85) |
| 30 | H | 2-OH | 5-NO2 | 8 ± 4* | 6.05 (891.25) |
31 ± 4* | N.D. |
| 31 | H | 2-OH | 4-Br | 5.81 ± 0.10 (1548.82) |
6.96 ± 0.04 (109.65) |
6.22 ± 0.05 (602.56) |
0.38 (2.63) |
| 32 | H | 2-OMe | 4-OMe | 6.18 ± 0.09 (660.69) |
6.63 ± 0.04 (234.42) |
6.57 ± 0.09 (269.15) |
0.41 (2.44) |
| 33 | H | 2-OH | 6-Br | 5.78 ± 0.05 (1659.59) |
7.16 ± 0.02 (69.18) |
6.95 ± 0.09 (112.20) |
0.067 (15) |
| 34 | H | 2-OH | 6-F | 6.64 ± 0.06 (229.09) |
6.94 ± 0.04 (114.82) |
6.81 ± 0.08 (154.88) |
0.95 (1.05) |
| 35 | H | 2-OH | 3,5-diBr | 12 ± 4* | 5.22 (6025.60) |
26 ± 4* | N.D. |
| 36 | H | 3-OMe | 4-OMe | 5.89 ± 0.10 (1288.25) |
6.54 ± 0.07 (288.40) |
5.92 ± 0.11 (1202.26) |
0.92 (1.09) |
| 37 | OMe | H | H | 7.48 ± 0.07 (33.11) |
7.78 ± 0.11 (16.60) |
7.02 ± 0.05 (95.50) |
2.93 (0.34) |
| 38 | OMe | 2-OMe | H | 7.35 ± 0.05 (44.67) |
7.80 ± 0.06 (15.85) |
7.16 ± 0.07 (69.18) |
1.55 (0.65) |
| 39 | OMe | 2-Cl | H | 7.87 ± 0.06 (13.49) |
7.43 ± 0.09 (37.15) |
7.13 ± 0.08 (74.13) |
5.51 (0.18) |
| 40 | OMe | 2-Br | H | 7.91 ± 0.09 (12.30) |
7.54 ± 0.05 (28.84) |
7.15 ± 0.07 (70.79) |
5.66 (0.18) |
| 41 | OMe | 4-Br | H | 6.41 ± 0.04 (389.05) |
6.81 ± 0.07 (154.88) |
6.42 ± 0.04 (380.19) |
0.98 (1.02) |
| 42 | OMe | 2-OH | 5-OMe | 6.87 ± 0.04 (134.90) |
7.69 ± 0.05 (20.42) |
7.39 ± 0.07 (40.74) |
0.30 (3.31) |
| 43 | OMe | 2-OH | 5-F | 8.40 ± 0.16 (3.98) |
8.05 ± 0.07 (8.91) |
7.40 ± 0.09 (39.81) |
9.66 (0.10) |
*Binding inhibition at 10 μM
Table 2. Human 5-HT2 receptor subtype Ca2+ mobilization potencies (pEC50 ± SEM, and EC50 in parentheses) and relative efficacies (% of response to 5-HT), and 5-HT2A/2C and (in parentheses) 5-HT2C/2A selectivities of serotonin, tryptamine, and the synthesized compounds.
| Compound | R5 | RX | RY | 5-HT2A | 5-HT2C | Selectivity | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pEC50 | % Emax | pEC50 | % Emax | 5-HT2A/2C (5-HT2C/2A) |
||||
| 5-HT | OH | — | — | 8.09 ± 0.06 (8.13) |
99.72 ± 1.93 | 9.87 ± 0.07 (0.13) |
98.29 ± 2.03 | 0.016 (62.5) |
| Tryptamine | H | — | — | 7.76 ± 0.07 (17.38) |
97.60 ± 2.34 | 8.93 ± 0.13 (1.17) |
107.8 ± 3.43 | 0.067 (14.9) |
| 1 | H | H | H | 6.79 ± 0.24 (162.18) |
61.65 ± 5.17 | 7.30 ± 0.15 (50.12) |
121.4 ± 6.58 | 0.31 (3.24) |
| 2 | H | 2-OH | H | 6.70 ± 0.11 (199.53) |
94.13 ± 4.59 | 7.47 ± 0.12 (33.88) |
85.85 ± 2.83 | 0.17 (5.89) |
| 3 | H | 2-OMe | H | 5.81 ± 0.07 (1548.82) |
62.98 ± 1.95 | 7.45 ± 0.10 (35.48) |
94.24 ± 3.75 | 0.023 (43.7) |
| 4 | H | 2-Me | H | 5.7 ± 0.15 (1995.26) |
44.44 ± 2.79 | 6.86 ± 0.09 (138.04) |
106.9 ± 2.90 | 0.069 (14.5) |
| 5 | H | 2-Cl | H | 6.33 ± 0.10 (467.74) |
25.52 ± 1.16 | 6.71 ± 0.14 (194.98) |
87.07 ± 4.96 | 0.42 (2.40) |
| 6 | H | 2-Br | H | 5.65 ± 0.27 (2238.72) |
29.33 ± 5.93 | 6.63 ± 0.13 (234.42) |
108.6 ± 5.20 | 0.10 (9.55) |
| 7 | H | 3-OH | H | 7.25 ± 0.23 (56.23) |
52.75 ± 4.63 | 8.17 ± 0.20 (6.76) |
96.34 ± 4.02 | 0.12 (8.32) |
| 8 | H | 3-Me | H | 7.21 ± 0.18 (61.66) |
32.98 ± 2.11 | 7.53 ± 0.06 (29.51) |
82.61 ± 2.11 | 0.48 (2.09) |
| 9 | H | 3-F | H | 6.41 ± 0.26 (389.05) |
33.82 ± 4.01 | 6.95 ± 0.10 (112.20) |
112.1 ± 4.84 | 0.29 (3.47) |
| 10 | H | 3-Cl | H | 6.92 ± 0.2 (120.23) |
57.91 ± 4.15 | 6.55 ± 0.11 (281.84) |
117.3 ± 4.82 | 2.34 (0.43) |
| 11 | H | 3-Br | H | 7.23 ± 0.14 (58.88) |
32.59 ± 1.64 | 7.26 ± 0.07 (54.95) |
106.7 ± 2.78 | 0.93 (1.07) |
| 12 | H | 4-OH | H | N.D. | N.D. | 6.84 ± 0.10 (144.54) |
99.65 ± 2.81 | N.D. |
| 13 | H | 4-OMe | H | 7.34 ± 0.06 (45.71) |
108.2 ± 2.78 | 8.08 ± 0.06 (8.32) |
91.44 ± 2.03 | 0.18 (5.49) |
| 14 | H | 4-Me | H | N.D. | N.D. | 5.92 ± 0.14 (1202.26) |
100.5 ± 5.36 | N.D. |
| 15 | H | 4-OEt | H | 6.44 ± 0.34 (363.08) |
36.73 ± 6.13 | 7.93 ± 0.17 (11.75) |
93.15 ± 3.26 | 0.032 (30.9) |
| 16 | H | 4-Cl | H | 7.23 ± 0.15 (58.88) |
79.96 ± 4.54 | 7.30 ± 0.11 (50.12) |
98.34 ± 4.18 | 0.85 (1.17) |
| 17 | H | 4-Br | H | N.D. | N.D. | 5.17 ± 0.08 (6760.83) |
110.2 ± 4.30 | N.D. |
| 18 | H | 4-NO2 | H | N.D. | N.D. | 6.28 ± 0.19 (524.81) |
92.05 ± 8.69 | N.D. |
| 19 | H | 2-OH | 3-OMe | 7.31 ± 0.34 (48.98) |
26.16 ± 2.34 | 7.03 ± 0.15 (93.33) |
107.4 ± 6.91 | 1.91 (0.52) |
| 20 | H | 2-OMe | 3-OMe | N.D. | N.D. | 5.44 ± 0.26 (3630.78) |
117.3 ± 9.18 | N.D. |
| 21 | H | 2-OH | 3-Br | 4.80 ± 0.24 (15848.93) |
40.38 ± 6.23 | 7.56 ± 0.10 (27.54) |
98.83 ± 2.83 | 0.0017 (575) |
| 22 | H | 2-OH | 3-F | 6.79 ± 0.18 (162.18) |
53.62 ± 4.49 | 7.77 ± 0.15 (16.98) |
103.5 ± 4.96 | 0.105 (9.55) |
| 23 | H | 2-OH | 5-Me | 6.96 ± 0.06 (109.65) |
43.57 ± 0.90 | 7.00 ± 0.08 (100) |
89.38 ± 3.86 | 0.91 (1.10) |
| 24 | H | 2-OH | 5-F | 7.12 ± 0.09 (75.86) |
71.64 ± 1.95 | 7.58 ± 0.12 (26.30) |
105.2 ± 2.19 | 0.35 (2.88) |
| 25 | H | 2-OMe | 5-F | 7.22 ± 0.09 (60.26) |
57.98 ± 1.95 | 7.28 ± 0.12 (52.48) |
109.7 ± 2.19 | 0.87 (1.15) |
| 26 | H | 2-OH | 5-Br | N.D. | N.D. | 6.15 ± 0.08 (707.95) |
107.8 ± 2.88 | N.D. |
| 27 | H | 2-OMe | 5-Br | 4.75 ± 0.08 (17782.79) |
69.04 ± 3.51 | 6.58 ± 0.14 (263.03) |
110.8 ± 4.63 | 0.015 (67.6) |
| 28 | H | 2-OMe | 5-Cl | 5.05 ± 0.07 (8912.51) |
69.21 ± 2.67 | 6.62 ± 0.10 (239.88) |
109.7 ± 3.35 | 0.027 (37.2) |
| 29 | H | 2-OMe | 5-OMe | 5.46 ± 0.04 (3467.37) |
38.97 ± 0.67 | 6.88 ± 0.09 (131.83) |
118.4 ± 4.45 | 0.038 (26.3) |
| 31 | H | 2-OH | 4-Br | 4.61 ± 0.21 (24547.09) |
62.53 ± 10.79 | 6.09 ± 0.09 (812.83) |
74.75± 2.60 | 0.033 (30.2) |
| 32 | H | 2-OMe | 4-OMe | N.D. | N.D. | 6.62 ± 0.13 (239.88) |
117.2 ± 4.59 | N.D. |
| 33 | H | 2-OH | 6-Br | 5.23 ± 0.67 (5888.44) |
34.40 ± 1.37 | 6.10 ± 0.08 (794.33) |
103.5 ± 2.91 | 0.13 (7.41) |
| 34 | H | 2-OH | 6-F | 7.40 ± 0.16 (39.81) |
49.28 ± 3.23 | 7.73 ± 0.19 (18.62) |
91.67 ±6.60 | 0.47 (2.13) |
| 36 | H | 3-OMe | 4-OMe | 5.65 ± 0.35 (2238.7) |
50.52 ± 8.27 | 7.24 ± 0.11 (57.54) |
100.5 ± 2.85 | 0.026 (38.9) |
| 37 | OMe | H | H | 7.69 ± 0.10 (20.42) |
63.19 ± 1.44 | 7.84 ± 0.13 (14.45) |
112.7 ± 3.47 | 0.71 (1.41) |
| 38 | OMe | 2-OMe | H | 8.70 ± 0.20 (1.99) |
83.66 ± 3.42 | 8.42 ± 0.16 (3.80) |
88.69 ± 4.22 | 1.91 (0.53) |
| 39 | OMe | 2-Cl | H | 7.92± 0.11 (12.02) |
47.74 ± 1.57 | 7.09 ± 0.09 (81.28) |
106.2 ± 4.32 | 6.76 (0.15) |
| 40 | OMe | 2-Br | H | 7.53 ± 0.06 (29.51) |
44.79 ± 0.99 | 7.56 ± 0.14 (27.54) |
105.1± 4.32 | 0.93 (1.07) |
| 41 | OMe | 4-Br | H | 5.73 ± 0.10 (1862.09) |
60.53 ± 2.41 | 6.88 ± 0.15 (131.83) |
93.52 ± 3.05 | 0.071 (14.1) |
| 42 | OMe | 2-OH | 5-OMe | 6.96 ± 0.06 (109.65) |
43.57 ± 0.90 | 7.00 ± 0.08 (100) |
89.38 ± 3.86 | 0.91 (1.1) |
| 43 | OMe | 2-OH | 5-F | 8.86 ± 0.10 (1.38) |
83.26 ± 2.26 | 8.44 ± 0.12 (3.63) |
106.1 ± 3.05 | 2.63 (0.38) |
Results and discussion
Chemistry
All the compounds (thirty-six N-benzylated tryptamine derivatives and seven N-benzylated 5-methoxytryptamine derivatives, four of the latter described previously [11,19], were synthesized by treating appropriate benzaldehydes with tryptamine or 5-methoxytryptamine (free base) in methanol and reducing the unisolated imine intermediate with sodium borohydride, as described for phenethylamines and 5-methoxytryptamines and shown in Fig 2 [16,19,26]:
Fig 2. Synthesis of N-(substituted)benzyltryptamines.
a: MeOH, r.t., overnight; b: NaBH4 in small portions, r.t.
The secondary amines thus obtained in good yields, and not requiring extensive purification, were used as their water-soluble salts (usually hydrochlorides) in receptor binding and functional pharmacological studies.
It is worth noting that the 1H NMR spectra (in DMSO-d6) of some salts with an ortho-hydroxyl group on the N-benzyl moiety indicate the presence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the protonated amine and the hydroxyl group (Fig 3).
Fig 3. Intramolecular hydrogen bond in N-(2’-hydroxybenzyl)tryptamines.
This steric constraint may help to understand differences in binding affinities and functional activities. A similar bond does not seem to be present in the ortho-methoxybenzylated compounds, possibly disfavored by the bulk of the O-methyl group.
Pharmacology
Binding assays
The affinities of the products for human 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptors were evaluated by radioligand displacement from cultured cells expressing the appropriate human receptors (CHO h5-HT2A, CHO h5-HT2B, HeLa h5-HT2C). [3H]Ketanserin was used for 5-HT2A, [3H]LSD for 5-HT2B, and [3H]mesulergine for 5-HT2C (Table 1).
It should be noted that the affinities at 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors were determined by displacement of antagonist radioligands, and therefore reflect binding to both active and inactive receptor conformations, while an agonist, presumably binding to an active conformation, was used for the 5-HT2B affinity determinations. Therefore, the 5-HT2B affinities are not strictly comparable to the others, and were not considered in the selectivity estimates.
The vast majority of the our products revealed submicromolar affinities at all three receptor subtypes, and a small number gave Ki values in the 10 nanomolar range, although these values did not seem to follow any general trend. N-benzyltryptamine (1) bound to the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors with rather similar affinities to those reported for N,N-dimethyltryptamine (237 and 424 nM, respectively), but significantly better than N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (1.2 and 6.5 μM, respectively) [27]. N-Benzyl-5-methoxytryptamine (37) bound to both receptors 5–15 times more strongly than N-isopropyl-N-methyl-5-methoxytryptamine (165 nM and 1.3 μM, respectively) [27].
Comparison of our tryptamine derivatives with the corresponding 5-methoxylated analogs seemed to indicate some degree of parallelism. Thus, compounds 38, 40, and 41, described recently [19], which in our hands gave similar binding results to those published, are the 5-methoxytryptamine analogs of the 2-methoxy-, 2-bromo- and 4-bromobenzyltryptamines 3, 6, and 17, respectively. While in our case the human receptors were expressed in CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cells, and in the paper by Nichols et al. [19] in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells, our results for compounds 40 and 41 agree with theirs within a factor of 2. In the case of 38 our results do not differ by more than 2.7 times, which seems reasonable for data from different laboratories and determined in different biological substrates.
Compounds 3 and 17, lacking the indole 5-methoxy group showed 2–4 times lower affinities than their indole-methoxylated counterparts 38 and 41, at all three receptor subtypes, in line with the observations of Heim [12] and Silva et al. [14] for 1 vs. 37. Contrary to expectations, the rather strongly binding N-(2-chlorobenzyl)tryptamine (5) had slightly greater affinity than its 5-methoxytryptamine analog 39, at least at the 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C receptors. (Fig 1). It may be pointed out that, as noted by Jensen [21] and Nichols [19], the supposedly very high-affinity [11] N-4-bromobenzyl-5-methoxytryptamine (41) was not at all exceptional.
Compounds 8, 10 and 11, bearing a single hydrophobic substituent at the meta position of the benzyl group (CH3, Cl, or Br), bound rather strongly to the 5-HT2 receptors with 2 to 8-fold 5-HT2A/2C selectivity, as had been seen for their 5-methoxytryptamine counterparts (respectively 5j, 5h and 5e in that paper) [19]. Intriguingly, however, the 3-chlorobenzyl derivative 10 had somewhat lower affinity than the 2-chloro analog 5. In contrast, 5-fluoro-2-hydroxybenzyl substitution gave profoundly different results in the tryptamine and the 5-methoxytryptamine series: the 5-methoxytryptamine derivative (43) had the highest 5-HT2A affinity (pKi = 8.4) of the whole series, while N-(5-fluoro-2-hydroxybenzyl)tryptamine (24) bound quite poorly to this receptor (pKi = 6.1), and was slightly selective for the 2C subtype.
Almost half of our compounds bear an ortho-oxygen substituent on the benzyl moiety, which was introduced as a test of Heim’s “structure-activity concept” regarding the increased activity of 2-methoxybenzyl derivatives [12]. Comparing the N-benzyl- (1), N-2-hydroxybenzyl- (2) and N-2-methoxybenzyl- (3) tryptamines, 5-HT2A (and also 5-HT2B) affinity appeared to increase slightly in that order, although at most by a factor of 2.7. At the 5-HT2C receptor the affinities fluctuated in the same range. These changes can hardly be considered significant. Similarly, in several pairs of compounds in which binding could be compared, introduction of an ortho hydroxyl or methoxyl group had at most a very minor effect. The only exceptions were the N-3-chlorobenzyl- (10) and N-3-bromobenzyl- (11) tryptamines, where substitution to afford the N-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzyl (28) and N-5-bromo-2-methoxybenzyl (11) and to a lesser extent N-5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzyl (26) analogs, was markedly damaging, at least for 5-HT2A receptor binding. Thus, the presence of an ortho-oxygen substituent on the benzyl ring does not seem to be generally beneficial and, with the exceptions of the 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl and the 2-hydroxy-3-bromobenzyl derivatives 19 and 21, the N-disubstituted benzyltryptamines showed rather low affinities. On the other hand, in our limited 5-methoxytryptamine series, the 2-hydroxy-5-fluoro derivative 43 showed surprisingly strong 5-HT2A receptor binding, and it also bound fairly strongly to the 5-HT2C receptor.
Functional assays
The functional activities of our compounds at human 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors were determined fluorometrically as calcium mobilization in CHO h5-HT2A and HeLa h5-HT2C cells (Table 2).
Comparison of our results for the N-2-methoxybenzyl- (38), N-2-bromobenzyl- (40), and N-4-bromobenzyl- (41) 5-methoxytryptamine derivatives with those of Nichols et al. [19] indicates complete agreement in functional potencies in one case, and differences of somewhat more than an order of magnitude in the others, although practically full agonism at the 5-HT2C receptor seems to be the norm. The use of different cell lines is probably responsible in part for these discrepancies, but it must be kept in mind that 5-HT2 receptors display differential functional selectivity [28,29] and β-arrestin signaling bias [24] which are other factors to be considered.
Comparing tryptamine with 5-methoxytryptamine derivatives, the N-2-methoxybenzyl (NBOMe) derivative 3 was several hundred times less potent than its 5-methoxytryptamine analog 38 in the h5-HT2A receptor functional assay, and the N-2-chlorobenzyl 5 was almost 40 times less potent than its counterpart 39. A comparison of 17 with 41 was not possible because the functional activity of the former was too low for quantification. At the h5-HT2C receptor, 3 and 5 were only 2–9 times less potent than the corresponding 5-methoxytryptamine derivatives. It seems likely that while a 5-methoxyl group on the indole moiety can result in considerably higher potency at the h5-HT2A subtype, it may have a less significant effect at the h5-HT2C receptor.
Almost two decades ago we found that the electrophysiologically determined rank potencies of several hallucinogenic and non-hallucinogenic phenylisopropylamines were consistent with the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C affinities obtained in radioligand displacement assays, and the 2C/2A affinity ratios paralleled the potency ratios reported in that work [30]. Although both the voltage-clamp assay used then and the fluorescence assay used in the present work depend on intracellular calcium release, other mechanisms are active in cells and the final result of receptor activation may not show such correlations. As far back as 1997 a modified ternary receptor model was invoked to explain discrepancies [31], and it has recently been shown that the binding profile alone can reasonably predict strong hallucinogenic effects in vivo [18,32].
As seen with respect to the affinities of these compounds for the three receptor subtypes, apparently similar molecules sometimes behave quite differently, defying interpretation. Many of these substances seem uninteresting as 5-HT2 agonists because of their low potencies. However, a few of them exhibit low nanomolar EC50 values, at either subtype, without following any obvious rule. Interest in N-benzylated phenethylamines and indoleamines has focused mainly on their possible psychedelic activities related to full or partial agonism at 5-HT2A receptors [4]. In this regard, it is worth noting that the reported 5-HT2A affinities of N-benzyl-5-methoxytryptamines were generally several times lower than those of the correspondingly N-benzylated 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)ethylamines, with the sole exception (30x) of the “superpotent” N-(2-methoxybenzyl) analog (25I-NBOMe), but their in vitro functional potencies did not follow this trend [19]. The rodent head twitch response is commonly believed to distinguish 5-HT2A agonists that are psychedelic in humans from others that are not [25]. The EC50 values determined for those N-benzyl-5-methoxytryptamines which elicited the response (not all did) indicated potencies at least 30 times lower than that of 25I-NBOMe [19]. One could therefore expect that very few (e.g. 38 and 43, Fig 3) of these compounds might be human hallucinogens in the low milligram dose range, significantly higher than the commonly abused NBOMe phenethylamines. Considering the binding affinities instead of the calcium mobilization data, a fair number of our compounds exhibit pKi values greater than 7 and might show psychedelic properties at doses of a few tens of milligrams (Fig 4).
Fig 4. Possibly psychedelic N-benzyl-5-methoxytryptamines.
It may be noted that compound 38 was described by Nichols [19] (as 5a) and found to be the most potent 5-HT2A receptor agonist in his series of N-benzyl-5-methoxytryptamines, with Ki = 16.6 nM, EC50 = 1.9 nM and Emax = 81% (our values are 44.7 nM, 2.0 nM and 84%, respectively, in quite good agreement). It also gave an ED50 = 3.15 mg/kg in the mouse head twitch response (HTR) assay which is commonly viewed as a predictor of human psychedelic activity [25]. For the sake of comparison, the potent psychedelic 25I-NBOMe (4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)phenethylamine) exhibits a much lower Ki = 0.52 nM, almost identical IC50 and relative efficacy data, but its HTR result, ED50 = 0.078 mg/kg, suggests a 40-fold higher in vivo potency. Assuming that the HTR is a trustworthy model, we again see that the binding affinity seems to be a better predictor of psychedelic activity than functional potency, at least when determined as calcium mobilization.
A result that appeared with striking regularity was that almost all the compounds were partial agonists at the h5-HT2A and full agonists at the h5-HT2C receptor (or possibly “super agonists” eliciting a stronger response than serotonin). Moreover, a small number of these showed significant 5-HT2C selectivity, sometimes coupled with EC50 values below 100 nM.
N-(3-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzyl)tryptamine (21), which in spite of its modest 5-HT2A affinity is an extremely weak h5-HT2A partial agonist (pEC50 = 4.8) and a full agonist with a pEC50 of 7.6 (EC50 = 27 nM) at the h5-HT2C receptor, is an extreme case that might be a particularly interesting candidate for in vivo studies. Other, less conspicuous examples, are the N-2-methoxybenzyl 3, the N-4-ethoxybenzyl 15, and the N-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl 36. These compounds are 30 to 40-fold selective with EC50 values between 12 and 60 nM (pEC50 7.95 to 7.24). Less potent, but still selective, are the 2’-methoxy-5´-halo derivatives 27 and 28 (Fig 5).
Fig 5. 5-HT2C-selective N-benzyltryptamines.
Although not very potent, these N-benzylated tryptamines are more 5-HT2C/5-HT2A selective than the approved 5-HT2C agonist appetite suppressant lorcaserin (1(R)-8-chloro-1-methyl.2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-(1H)-3-benzazepine): Ki(2A/2C) about 8, and EC50(2A/2C) about 20 [33] (Fig 6).
Fig 6. Structure and 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C functional potencies of lorcaserin.
Lorcaserin is the first drug in its class to be approved by the FDA [34] as an anorexic. Like our N-benzylated tryptamine derivatives, lorcaserin is a full 5-HT2C agonist, and a partial agonist (about 70% efficacy) at 5-HT2A receptors [35]. Because of its modest 5-HT2C/5-HT2A selectivity, lorcaserin is recommended exclusively for patients meeting specific criteria and has been placed in Schedule IV (prescription only) due to its presumed ability “to produce hallucinations, euphoria, and positive subjective responses at supratherapeutic doses” [34]. While 21 is about 3 times less potent than lorcaserin, it is much more selective vs. 5-HT2A receptors, at which it also exhibits low efficacy, and therefore might not be expected to produce the abovementioned side effects at any reasonable dose level. Unfortunately, its appreciable affinity for the 5-HT2B receptor militates against its acceptance, at least for prolonged use.
To summarize, our large series of N-benzylated tryptamines revealed a very broad range of affinities for the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor subtypes spread over three orders of magnitude and generally showing little selectivity (tenfold at most, but usually much less) between the 2A and 2C subtypes. The ability of these compounds to elicit calcium mobilization was also quite variable and with no obvious correlation with their affinity. Unlike the binding studies, the functional assays exhibited significant selectivity with an unexpected bias favoring the 5-HT2C receptor. Besides, our compounds were generally full 2C agonists and only partial agonists, sometimes with rather low efficacy, at the 2A subtype. This fact, coupled with the selective activation of 5-HT2C receptors by several of these substances points them out as possible leads for the development of a novel series of compounds of interest in the areas of appetite reduction and the treatment of drug abuse, schizophrenia and sexual dysfunctions.
Materials and methods
Chemistry
The tryptamine used was a generous gift from Prof. Michel Lebœuf, Faculté de Pharmacie de Châtenay-Malabry, Université de Paris XI, France. 5-Methoxytryptamine and most of the aldehydes were purchased from AK Scientific Inc. (Palo Alto, CA). Some aldehydes were prepared by standard aromatic bromination or O-methylation from the above precursors. Solvents were of synthesis grade, purchased from Merck S.A. (Santiago, Chile), and were used without additional purification. Melting points were determined on a Stuart SMP 10 apparatus, and NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance 400 instrument using the residual solvent signal as the internal standard.
The appropriate aromatic aldehyde (approx. 5 mmol) and the equivalent amount of tryptamine or 5-methoxytryptamine, each dissolved in MeOH (5 mL each) were placed in a 100 mL flask and allowed to react at r.t. for at least 120 min. Then solid NaBH4 (a small molar excess) was added in small portions with stirring, and the resulting solution was stirred at r.t. for another 12 h The MeOH was removed, the solid taken up in dilute HCl, the solution made alkaline and extracted with CH2Cl2. The organic extract was washed with water and dried over Na2SO4, the solvent was removed and the N-benzylated amine was purified by ball-to-ball distillation or column chromatography if necessary (Scheme 1).
The free bases were dissolved in the smallest possible volume of 2-PrOH, acetone, or MeOH, depending on their solubility. A small excess of 37% HCl diluted with 2-propanol was added, followed by Et2O (at least three volumes). The precipitated salt was filtered off, washed with Et2O and vacuum dried. Some hydroxyl-containing bases gave hygroscopic hydrochlorides, but their succinic or fumaric acid salts crystallized satisfactorily. To prepare them, the free bases were dissolved as above in acetone or MeOH, and treated dropwise, with stirring, with one equivalent or half an equivalent of a concentrated MeOH solution of succinic or fumaric acid to obtain the acid (hemisuccinate and hemifumarate) or the neutral (fumarate) salts. The resulting solutions were concentrated to dryness and the products recrystallized in acetone, CHCl3 or CH2Cl2, filtered, and vacuum dried.
N-Benzyl-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (1) hydrochloride. 75% yield, m.p. 188–189°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.96 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.33 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.57 (3H, m, H3’, H5’, H7), 7.44 (3H, m, H2’, H4’, H6’) 7.36 (1H, dd, J ≈ 8 Hz, H4), 7.22 (1H, s, H2), 6.94–7.18 (2H, m, H5, H6), 4.19 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 3.13 (4H, brs, 2CH2).
N-(2-Hydroxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (2) hydrochloride. 68% yield, m.p. 222–223°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.94 (1H, s, NH-1), 10.20 (1H, s, OH), 8.85 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.53 (1H, dd, H7), 7.37 (2H, m, H4, H3’) 7.25 (1H, dd, H6’), 7.22 (1H, s, H2), 7.10 (1H, dd, H4ʼ), 6.96 (2H, m, H6, H5ʼ), 6.85 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.15 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 3.12 (4H, brs, 2CH2).
N-(2-Methoxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (3) hydrochloride. 72% yield, m.p. 229–230°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.98 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.04 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.55 (1H, dd, H7), 7.46 (2H, m, H3ʼ, H4ʼ), 7.39 (1H, dd, H4), 7.22 (1H, s, H2), 7.11 (2H, m, H6, H5ʼ), 7.00 (2H, m, H5, H6ʼ), 4.17 (2H, t, α’-CH2), 3.82 (3H, s, OCH3), 3.14 (4H, brs, 2CH2).
N-(2-Methylbenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (4) hydrochloride. 78% yield. m.p. 209–210°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.99 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.41 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.61 (1H, dd, H7), 7.57 (1H, dd, H6ʼ), 7.37 (1H, dd, H4), 7.30 (1H, ddd, H3ʼ), 7.27 (2H, m, H4ʼ, H5ʼ), 7.24 (1H, d, H2), 7.09 (1H, ddd, H6), 7.01 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.18 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 3.21 (4H, m, 2CH2), 2.40 (3H, s, CH3).
N-(2-Chlorobenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (5) hydrochloride. 85% yield. m.p. 225–226°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 11.00 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.70 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.84 (1H, dd, H3ʼ), 7.59 (1H, dd, H7), 7.55 (1H, ddd, H4ʼ), 7.45 (2H, m, H5ʼ, H6ʼ), 7.37 (1H, dd, H4), 7.24 (1H, s, H2), 7.09 (1H, ddd, H6), 7.00 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.32 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 3.20 (4H, m, 2CH2).
N-(2-Bromobenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (6) hydrochloride. 87% yield. m.p. 228–229°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.98 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.51 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.79 (1H, dd, H7), 7.73 (1H, dd, H3ʼ), 7.59 (1H, dd, H4), 7.50 (1H, td, H6ʼ), 7.38 (2H, m, H4ʼ, H5ʼ), 7.25 (1H, s, H2), 7.10 (1H, ddd, H6), 7.01 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.32 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 3.21 (4H, brs, 2CH2).
N-(3-Hydroxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (7) neutral fumarate. 68% yield. m.p. 206–207°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.84 (1H, s, NH-1), 7.50 (1H, dd, H7), 7.33 (1H, dd, H4), 7.10 (1H, unresolved dd, H6ʼ), 6.82 (1H, unresolved d, H2ʼ), 6.80 (1H, dd, H5ʼ), 6.68 (1H, dd, H4ʼ), 7.15 (1H, s, H2), 7.06 (1H, ddd, H6), 6.96 (1H, ddd, H5), 3.83 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 2.93 (4H, brs, 2CH2), 6.47 (1H, s, fumarate).
N-(3-Methylbenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (8) hydrochloride. 85% yield. m.p. 189–190°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.98 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.43 (2H, brs, NH2+) 7.56 (1H, dd, H7), 7.37 (3H, m, H4ʼ, H5ʼ, H6ʼ), 7.34 (1H, dd, H4), 7.26 (1H, d, H2ʼ), 7.22 (1H, s, H2), 7.09 (1H, ddd, H6), 6.99 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.14 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 3.13 (4H, brs, 2CH2), 2.32 (3H, s, CH3).
N-(3-Fluorobenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (9) hydrochloride. 86% yield. m.p. 223–225°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.97 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.58 (2H, brs, NH2+) 7.57 (1H, dd, H7), 7.55 (1H, ddd, H4ʼ), 7.49 (1H, unresolved dd, H5ʼ), 7.44 (1H, unresolved d, H2ʼ), 7.36 (1H, dd, H4), 7.27 (1H, unresolved dd, H6ʼ), 7.23 (1H, s, H2), 7.09 (1H, ddd, H6), 7.00 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.21 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 3.14 (4H, brs, 2CH2).
N-(3-Chlorobenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (10) hydrochloride. 83% yield. m.p. 209–211°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.98 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.62 (2H, brs, NH2+) 7.74 (1H, s, H2ʼ), 7.58 (2H, m, H7, H4ʼ), 7.47 (2H, unresolved signals, H5ʼ, H6ʼ), 7.36 (1H, dd, H4), 7.22 (1H, s, H2), 7.09 (1H, ddd, H6), 7.00 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.20 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 3.14 (4H, brs, 2CH2).
N-(3-Bromobenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (11) hydrochloride. 88% yield. m.p. 216–218°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.98 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.54 (2H, brs, NH2+) 7.86 (1H, s, H2ʼ), 7.59 (3H, m, H7, H4ʼ, H5ʼ), 7.40 (2H, unresolved signals, H4, H6ʼ), 7.22 (1H, s, H2), 7.10 (1H, ddd, H6), 6.97 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.20 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 3.14 (4H, brs, 2CH2).
N-(4-Hydroxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (12) (free base). 95% yield. m.p. n.d. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.76 (1H, s, NH-1), 7.48 (1H, dd, H7), 7.32 (1H, dd, H4), 7.09 (1H, s, H2), 7.08 (2H, d, H2ʼ, H6ʼ), 7.05 (1H, ddd, H6), 6.95 (1H, ddd, H5), 6.68 (2H, d, H3ʼ, H5ʼ), 3.61 (2H, s, α’-CH2), 2.84 (2H, t, CH2), 2.76 (2H, t, CH2).
N-(4-Methoxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (13) hydrochloride. 78% yield. m.p. 199–200°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.98 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.26 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.55 (1H, dd, H7), 7.49 (2H, d, H2ʼ, H6ʼ), 7.36 (1H, dd, H4), 7.22 (1H, s, H2), 7.09 (1H, ddd, H6), 6.99 (3H, m, H5, H3ʼ, H5ʼ), 4.11 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 3.77 (3H, s, OCH3), 3.10 (4H, brs, 2CH2).
N-(4-Methylbenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (14) hydrochloride. 73% yield. m.p. 213–214°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.97 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.41 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.56 (1H, dd, H7), 7.46 (2H, d, H2ʼ, H6ʼ), 7.36 (1H, dd, H4), 7.23 (2H, d, H3ʼ, H5ʼ), 7.21 (1H, s, H2), 7.09 (1H, ddd, H6), 6.98 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.13 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 3.12 (4H, brs, 2CH2), 2.32 (3H, s, CH3).
N-(4-Ethoxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (15) hydrochloride. 82% yield. m.p. 206–208°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.98 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.38 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.56 (1H, dd, H7), 7.49 (2H, d, H2ʼ, H6ʼ), 7.36 (1H, dd, H4), 7.21 (1H, s, H2), 7.09 (1H, ddd, H6), 6.98 (3H, m, H5, H3ʼ, H5ʼ), 4.07 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 4.00 (2H, unresolved quadruplet, ethoxyl CH2) 3.11 (4H, brs, 2CH2), 1.32 (3H, t, ethoxyl CH3).
N-(4-Chlorobenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (16) hydrochloride. 85% yield. m.p. 229–230°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.97 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.52 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.62 (2H, overlapping d, H3ʼ, H5ʼ), 7.58 (1H, overlapping dd, H7), 7.50 (2H, overlapping d, H2ʼ, H6ʼ), 7.36 (1H, dd, H4), 7.22 (1H, s, H2), 7.09 (1H, ddd, H6), 6.99 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.19 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 3.13 (4H, brs, 2CH2).
N-(4-Bromobenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (17) hydrochloride. 86% yield. m.p. 238–240°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.96 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.43 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.65 (2H, d, H3ʼ, H5ʼ), 7.55 (3H, m, H2ʼ, H6ʼ, H7), 7.36 (1H, dd, H4), 7.22 (1H, s, H2), 7.09 (1H, ddd, H6), 7.00 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.17 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 3.13 (4H, brs, 2CH2).
N-(4-Nitrobenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (18) hydrochloride. 90% yield. m.p. 212–214°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.99 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.80 (2H, brs, NH2+), 8.28 (2H, d, H3ʼ, H5ʼ), 7.89 (2H, d, H2ʼ, H6ʼ), 7.59 (1H, dd, H7), 7.36 (1H, dd, H4), 7.23 (1H, s, H2), 7.09 (1H, ddd, H6), 7.00 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.35 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 3.17 (4H, brs, 2CH2).
N-(2-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (19) neutral succinate. 58% yield. m.p. 109–111°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.83 (1H, s, NH-1), 7.49 (1H, dd, H7), 7.33 (1H, dd, H4), 7.15 (1H, s, H2), 7.06 (1H, ddd, H6), 6.97 (1H, ddd, H5), 6.86 (1H, dd, H5ʼ), 6.71 (2H, overlapping dd, H4ʼ, H6ʼ), 3.94 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 3.75 (3H, s, OCH3), 2.91 (4H, brs, 2CH2), 2.32 (2H, s, succinate).
N-(2,3-Dimethoxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (20) hydrochloride. 70% yield. m.p. 210–212°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.99 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.35 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.56 (1H, dd, H7), 7.36 (1H, dd, H4), 7.22 (1H, s, H2), 7.20 (1H, overlapping dd, H5ʼ), 7.12 (2H, overlapping dd, H4ʼ, H6ʼ), 7.09 (1H, overlapping ddd, H6), 6.99 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.17 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 3.83 (3H, s, OCH3-3ʼ), 3.79 (3H, s, OCH3-2ʼ), 3.14 (4H, brs, 2CH2).
N-(3-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (21) neutral succinate. 75% yield. m.p. 141–142°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.83 (1H, s, NH-1), 7.50 (1H, dd, H7), 7.37 (1H, dd, H4ʼ), 7.33 (1H, dd, H4), 7.17 (1H, s, H2), 7.05 (2H, overlapping ddd, H6, H6ʼ), 6.96 (1H, ddd, H5), 6.64 (1H, t, H5ʼ), 3.99 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 2.89 (4H, brs, 2CH2), 2.39 (2H, s, succinate).
N-(3-Fluoro-2-hydroxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (22) neutral succinate. 72% yield. m.p. 151–152°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.82 (1H, s, NH-1), 7.50 (1H, dd, H7), 7.33 (1H, dd, H4), 7.16 (1H, s, H2), 7.06 (2H, overlapping ddd, H6, H4ʼ), 6.97 (1H, ddd, H5), 6.91 (1H, dd, H5ʼ), 6.70 (1H, quadruplet, H6ʼ), 3.99 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 2.90 (4H, brs, 2CH2), 2.35 (2H, s, succinate).
N-(2-Hydroxy-5-methylbenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (23) acid fumarate. 48% yield. m.p. 183–185°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.89 (1H, s, NH-1), 7.51 (1H, dd, H7), 7.35 (1H, dd, H4), 7.17 (1H, s, H2), 7.07 (1H, ddd, H6), 7.01 (1H, d, H6ʼ), 6.97 (1H, overlapping ddd, H5), 6.93 (1H, overlapping dd, H4ʼ), 6.70 (1H, d, H3ʼ), 3.95 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 2.96 (4H, brs, 2CH2), 2.17 (3H, s, CH3-5ʼ), 6.49 (2H, s, fumarate).
N-(5-Fluoro-2-hydroxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (24) hydrochloride. 62% yield. m.p. 185–186°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.82 (1H, s, NH-1), 7.50 (1H, dd, H7), 7.33 (1H, dd, H4), 7.16 (1H, s, H2), 7.07 (1H, ddd, H6), 7.01 (1H, dd, H3ʼ), 6.98 (1H, ddd, H5), 6.91 (1H, ddd, H4ʼ), 6.72 (1H, dd, H6ʼ), 3.90 (2H, s, α’-CH2), 2.90 (4H, brs, 2CH2).
N-(5-Fluoro-2-methoxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (25) hydrochloride. 70% yield. m.p. 179–180°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.99 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.32 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.55 (1H, dd, H7), 7.47 (1H, dd, H4ʼ), 7.36 (1H, dd, H4), 7.23 (2H, m, H2, H6ʼ), 7.09 (2H, m, H6, H3ʼ), 6.99 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.15 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 3.80 (3H, s, OCH3), 3.14 (4H, brs, 2CH2).
N-(5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (26) hydrochloride. 45% yield. m.p. 188–189°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.95 (1H, s, NH-1), 7.53 (1H, dd, H7), 7.47 (1H, d, H3ʼ), 7.32 (1H, dd, H4), 7.13 (2H, m, H6, H4ʼ), 7.05 (1H, ddd, H5), 6.96 (1H, s H2,), 5.98 (1H, s, H6ʼ), 3.43 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 3.07 (4H, m, 2CH2).
N-(5-Bromo-2-methoxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (27) hydrochloride. 50% yield. m.p. 192–193°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 11.00 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.29 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.76 (1H, d, H6ʼ), 7.57 (2H, overlapping dd, H7, H4ʼ), 7.37 (1H, dd, H4), 7.23 (1H, s, H2), 7.09 (2H, m, H6, H3ʼ), 7.00 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.15 (2H, t, α’-CH2), 3.81 (3H, s, OCH3), 3.14 (4H, brs, 2CH2).
N-(5-Chloro-2-methoxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (28) hydrochloride. 72% yield. m.p. 184–185°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 11.00 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.29 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.65 (1H, d, H6ʼ), 7.57 (1H, dd, H7), 7.46 (1H, dd, H4ʼ), 7.37 (1H, dd, H4), 7.23 (1H, s, H2), 7.09 (2H, m, H6, H3ʼ), 7.00 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.15 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 3.82 (3H, s, OCH3), 3.15 (4H, brs, 2CH2).
N-(2,5-Dimethoxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (29) hydrochloride. 86% yield. m.p. 175–176°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.99 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.22 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.55 (1H, dd, H7), 7.36 (1H, dd, H4), 7.22 (1H, s, H2), 7.21 (1H, overlapping d, H6ʼ), 7.09 (1H, ddd, H6,), 6.99 (2H, overlapping dd, H3ʼ, H4ʼ), 6.95 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.13 (2H, s, α’-CH2), 3.76 (3H, s, OCH3-2ʼ), 3.73 (3H, s, OCH3-5ʼ), 3.13 (4H, brs, 2CH2).
N-(5-Nitro-2-hydroxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (30) hydrochloride. 76% yield. m.p. 194–196°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.95 (1H, s, NH-1), 8.00 (1H, s, H6ʼ), 7.88 (1H, dd, H4ʼ), 7.53 (1H, dd, H7), 7.35 (1H, dd, H4), 7.22 (1H, s, H2), 7.08 (1H, ddd, H6,), 6.98 (1H, ddd, H5), 6.29 (1H, dd, H3ʼ), 4.02 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 3.05 (4H, brs, 2CH2).
N-(4-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (31) hydrochloride. 66% yield. m.p. 192–194°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.81 (1H, s, NH-1), 8.99 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.54 (1H, dd, H7), 7.36 (2H, overlapping dd, H4, H5ʼ), 7.22 (1H, s, H2), 7.16 (1H, d, H3ʼ), 7.09 (1H, overlapping ddd, H6), 7.04 (1H, overlapping dd, H6ʼ), 7.00 (1H, overlapping dd, H5), 4.11 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 3.12 (4H, brs, 2CH2).
N-(2,4-Dimethoxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (32) hydrochloride. 73% yield. m.p. 184–186°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.99 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.03 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.54 (1H, dd, H7), 7.38 (2H, overlapping dd, H4, H5ʼ), 7.22 (1H, s, H2), 7.09 (1H, overlapping ddd, H6), 6.99 (1H, overlapping ddd, H5), 6.61 (1H, d, H3ʼ), 6.57 (1H, d, H6ʼ), 4.07 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 3.80 (3H, s, OCH3-2ʼ), 3.78 (3H, s, OCH3-4ʼ), 3.11 (4H, brs, 2CH2).
N-(6-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (33) hydrochloride. 62% yield. m.p. 195–196°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 11.07 (1H, s, NH-1), 11.01 (1H, s, OH), 9.09 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.55 (1H, dd, H7), 7.36 (1H, dd, H4), 7.23 (1H, s, H2), 7.19 (1H, dd, H5ʼ), 7.13 (1H, dd, H4ʼ), 7.08 (1H, ddd, H6), 7.07 (1H, dd, H3ʼ), 7.00 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.29 (2H, s, α’-CH2), 3.17 (4H, brs, 2CH2).
N-(6-Fluoro-2-hydroxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (34) neutral succinate. 58% yield. m.p. 159–161°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.82 (1H, s, NH-1), 7.49 (1H, dd, H7), 7.33 (1H, dd, H4), 7.15 (1H, s, H2), 7.11 (1H, dd, H5ʼ), 7.06 (1H, ddd, H6), 6.97 (1H, ddd, H5), 6.58 (2H, overlapping dd, H3ʼ, H4ʼ), 3.97 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 2.90 (4H, brs, 2CH2), 2.35 (2H, s, succinate).
N-(3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (35) hydrochloride. 65% yield. m.p. 183–184°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.97 (1H, s, NH-1), 7.82 (1H, d, H4ʼ), 7.71 (1H, d, H6ʼ), 7.57 (1H, dd, H7), 7.38 (1H, dd, H4), 7.24 (1H, s, H2), 7.10 (1H, ddd, H6), 7.02 (1H, ddd, H5), 4.23 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 3.18 (2H, unresolved t, CH2), 3.11 (2H, unresolved t, CH2).
N-(3,4-Dimethoxybenzyl)-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (36) hydrochloride. 83% yield. m.p. 238–240°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.97 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.34 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.56 (1H, dd, H7), 7.36 (1H, dd, H4), 7.31 (1H, dd, H2ʼ), 7.22 (1H, s, H2), 7.08 (1H, overlapped d, H6ʼ), 7.06 (1H, overlapping ddd, H6), 7.00 (1H, d, H5ʼ), 6.97 (1H, overlapped ddd, H5), 4.10 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 3.78 (3H, s, OCH3-3ʼ), 3.76 (3H, s, OCH3-4ʼ), 3.12 (4H, brs, 2CH2).
N-Benzyl-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (37) hydrochloride. 84% yield. m.p. 233–234°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.80 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.51 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.60 (2H, m, H2ʼ, H6ʼ), 7.42 (3H, m, H3ʼ, H4ʼ, H5ʼ), 7.24 (1H, d, H7), 7.16 (1H, s, H2), 7.10 (1H, d, H4), 6.73 (1H, dd, H6), 4.18 (2H, t, α’-CH2), 3.76 (3H, s, OCH3-5), 3.10 (4H, brs, 2CH2).
N-(2-Methoxybenzyl)-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-il)ethyl]amine (38) hydrochloride. 71% yield. m.p. 240–241°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.81 (1H, s, NH-1), 8.79 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.49 (1H, dd, H6ʼ), 7.39 (1H, ddd, H5ʼ), 7.25 (1H, d, H7), 7.16 (1H, s, H2), 7.06 (2H, m, H4, H3ʼ), 6.98 (1H, ddd, H4ʼ), 6.74 (1H, dd, H6), 4.10 (2H, s, α’-CH2), 3.79 (3H, s, OCH3-2ʼ), 3.75 (3H, s, OCH3-5), 3.07 (4H, brs, 2CH2).
N-(2-Chlorobenzyl)-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (39) hydrochloride. 85% yield. m.p. 193–194°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.82 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.64 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.83 (1H, ddd, H4ʼ), 7.56 (1H, ddd, H5ʼ), 7.45 (2H, overlapped dd, H3ʼ, H6ʼ), 7.25 (1H, d, H7), 7.19 (1H, d, H2), 7.12 (1H, s, H4), 6.75 (1H, dd, H6), 4.32 (2H, s, α’-CH2), 3.77 (3H, s, OCH3-5), 3.17 (4H, m, 2CH2).
N-(2-Bromobenzyl)-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (40) hydrochloride. 83% yield. m.p. 206–207°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.79 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.56 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.80 (1H, dd, H3ʼ), 7.73 (1H, dd, H6ʼ), 7.50 (1H, ddd, H4ʼ), 7.37 (1H, ddd, H5ʼ), 7.26 (1H, d, H7), 7.20 (1H, s, H2), 7.11 (1H, d, H4), 6.75 (1H, dd, H6), 4.32 (2H, s, α’-CH2), 3.77 (3H, s, OCH3-5), 3.17 (4H, m, 2CH2).
N-(4-Bromobenzyl)-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (41) hydrochloride. 80% yield. m.p. 240–241°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.80 (1H, s, NH-1), 9.36 (2H, brs, NH2+), 7.66 (2H, dd, H3ʼ, H5ʼ), 7.53 (2H, dd, H2ʼ, H6ʼ), 7.25 (1H, d, H7), 7.17 (1H, s, H2), 7.06 (1H, d, H4), 6.74 (1H, dd, H6), 4.18 (2H, s, α’-CH2), 3.76 (3H, s, OCH3-5), 3.09 (4H, brs, 2CH2).
N-(2-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzyl)-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (42) acid fumarate. 48% yield. m.p. 196–197°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.74 (1H, s, NH-1), 7,22 (1H, d, H7), 7.13 (1H, s, H2), 7.00 (1H, d, H4), 6.92 (1H, d, H6ʼ), 6.78 (2H, m, H3ʼ, H4ʼ), 6.72 (1H, dd, H6), 6.53 (2H, s, fumarate), 4.02 (2H, s, α’-CH2), 3.74 (3H, s, OCH3-5ʼ), 3.66 (3H, s, OCH3-5), 3.00 (4H, brs, 2CH).
N-(5-Fluoro-2-hydroxybenzyl)-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amine (43) neutral fumarate. 55% yield. m.p. 200–201°C. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.66 (1H, s, NH-1), 7.22 (1H, d, H7), 7.11 (1H, s, H2), 7.04 (1H, dd, H4ʼ), 6.97 (1H, d, H4), 6.90 (1H, d, H3ʼ), 6.73 (2H, m, H6, H6ʼ), 6.51 (1H, s, fumarate), 3.92 (2H, unresolved t, α’-CH2), 3.74 (3H, s, OCH3-5), 2.89 (4H, brs, 2CH2).
Pharmacology
Binding studies
Competition binding to the human 5-HT2A receptor
Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor competition binding experiments were carried out in polypropylene 96-well plates. In each well were incubated 60 μg of membranes from a CHO-5-HT2A cell line prepared in our laboratory, 1 nM [3H]ketanserin (47.3 Ci/mmol, 1 mCi/ml, Perkin Elmer NET791250UC), studied compounds and standard. Non-specific binding was determined in the presence of methysergide 1 μM (Sigma M137). The reaction mixture (Vt: 250 μL/well) was incubated at 37°C for 30 min, 200 μL was transferred to a GF/B 96-well plate (Millipore, Madrid, Spain) pretreated with 0.5% of PEI and treated with binding buffer (Tris-HCl 50 mM, pH = 7.4), and was filtered and washed six times with 250 μL wash buffer (Tris-HCl 50 mM, pH = 6.6), and 35 μL of Universol Scintillation cocktail (Perkin Elmer, Alcobendas, Spain) were added to each well before counting in a microplate beta scintillation counter (Microbeta Trilux, PerkinElmer, Madrid, Spain).
Competition binding to the human 5-HT2B receptor
Serotonin 5-HT2B receptor competition binding experiments were carried out in polypropylene 96-well plates. In each well were incubated 5 μg of membranes from a CHO-5-HT2B cell line prepared in our laboratory, 1 nM [3H]LSD (75.9 Ci/mmol, 1 mCi/ml, Perkin Elmer NET638250UC), studied compounds and standard. Non-specific binding was determined in the presence of 5-HT 50 μM (Sigma H9523). The reaction mixture (Vt: 250 μL/well) was incubated at 37°C for 30 min, 200 μL was transferred to a GF/C 96-well plate (Millipore, Madrid, Spain) pretreated with 0.5% of PEI and treated with binding buffer (Tris-HCl 50 mM, ascorbic acid 0.1%, CaCl2 4 mM, pH = 7.4), and was filtered and washed four times with 250 μL wash buffer (Tris-HCl 50 mM, pH = 7.4), and 35 μL of Universol Scintillation cocktail (Perkin Elmer, Alcobendas, Spain) were added to each well before counting in a microplate beta scintillation counter (Microbeta Trilux, PerkinElmer, Madrid, Spain).
Competition binding to the human 5-HT2C receptor
Serotonin 5-HT2C receptor competition binding experiments were carried out in polypropylene 96-well plates. In each well were incubated 3 μg of membranes from a Hela-5-HT2C cell line prepared in our laboratory, 1.25 nM [3H]mesulergine (83.1 Ci/mmol, 1 mCi/ml, Perkin Elmer NET1148250UC), studied compounds and standard. Non-specific binding was determined in the presence of mianserin 10 μM (Sigma M2525). The reaction mixture (Vt: 250 μL/well) was incubated at 27°C for 60 min, 200 μL was transferred to a GF/C 96-well plate (Millipore, Madrid, Spain) pretreated with 0.5% of PEI and treated with binding buffer (Tris-HCl 50 mM, pH = 7.5), and was filtered and washed four times with 250 μL wash buffer (Tris-HCl 50 mM, pH = 6.6), and 35 μL of Universol Scintillation cocktail (Perkin Elmer, Alcobendas, Spain) were added to each well before counting in a microplate beta scintillation counter (Microbeta Trilux, PerkinElmer, Madrid, Spain).
Functional studies
Functional activities were assessed by measuring Ca2+ release in CHO-5-HT2A or HeLa-5-HT2C cells. The day before the assay, 2000 (5-HT2A) or 10000 (5-HT2C) cells/well were seeded in 384 well black plates (Greiner 781091). The cells were incubated with 25 μL of Fura-2 QBTTM Calcium Kit (Molecular Devices), in buffer supplemented with 5 mM probenecid (Invitrogen) for 1 h at 37°C. Changes in fluorescence due to intracellular Ca2+ mobilization (λex = 340 nm, λex = 380 nm; λem = 540 nm) were measured using a calcium imaging plate reader system (FDSS7000EX, Hamamatsu) every second after the establishment of a baseline. The agonist Ca2+ peak in response to agonist addition occurred from 10 to 20 s following stimulation.
Statistics
Data were adjusted to non-linear fitting using Prism V2.1 software (Graph Pad Inc., Chicago, USA). Ki values were calculated using the Cheng-Prusoff equation.
Data Availability
All relevant data are within the paper.
Funding Statement
This work was supported by FONDECYT (Chile) regular research grants 1110146 and 1150868 to BKC and CONICYT doctoral grant 21140358 to MT-S. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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