Table 1.
Characteristics and Clinical Variables of Study Participants at Age 73 Years
| Clinical Variable | All Sample | 0% Carotid Stenosis | 1–24% Carotid Stenosis | 25–49% Carotid Stenosis | ≥50 Carotid Stenosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total, n (%) | 554 | 83 (15%) | 286 (51.6%) | 161 (29.1%) | 24 (4.3%) |
| Gender, n (%) | |||||
| Male | 296 (53.4%) | 44 (53.0%) | 153 (53.5%) | 86 (53.4%) | 13 (54.2%) |
| Female | 258 (46.6%) | 39 (47.0%) | 133 (46.5%) | 75 (46.6%) | 11 (45.8%) |
| Age, yr, mean (SD) | 72.7 (0.73) | 72.5 (0.75) | 72.8 (0.72) | 72.8 (0.70) | 72.5 (0.81) |
| IQ‐11, mean (SD) | 101.6 (15.3) | 104.0 (12.7) | 102.0 (15.3) | 99.9 (16.6) | 100.5 (14.2) |
| MMSE, mean (SD) | 28.8 (1.3) | 29.1 (1.0) | 28.9 (1.2) | 28.6 (1.4) | 29.3 (1.0) |
| Carotid variables, mean (SD) | |||||
| Carotid stenosis, % | 12.45 | 0 | 7.2 (5.1) | 25.4 (6.9) | 44.3 (10.5) |
| Velocity, m/s | 32.67 (10.7) | 31.3 (7.8) | 30.4 (6.8) | 33.2 (9.0) | 57.3 (23.9) |
| Pulsatility index | 1.27 (0.23) | 1.23 (0.24) | 1.28 (0.22) | 1.29 (0.23) | 1.27 (0.21) |
| Resistivity index | 0.68 (0.07) | 0.66 (0.1) | 0.68 (0.07) | 0.69 (0.06) | 0.68 (0.06) |
| CIMT | 0.84 (0.17) | 0.80 (0.14) | 0.82 (0.16) | 0.87 (0.19) | 0.99 (0.24) |
| Fluid intelligence, mean (SD) | |||||
| Matrix Reasoning | 13.6 (4.9) | 13.0 (3.8) | 13.5 (4.9) | 13.3 (5.1) | 13.0 (3.8) |
| Block Design | 34.7 (9.7) | 36.1 (10.6) | 35.0 (10.0) | 34.3 (9.0) | 30.6 (6.5) |
| Digit Span Backward | 7.9 (2.0) | 8.5 (2.3) | 8.0 (2.1) | 7.5 (2.2) | 7.5 (2.0) |
| Letter‐Number Sequencing | 11.0 (2.9) | 11.4 (3.1) | 10.9 (2.9) | 11.1 (3.0) | 10.9 (2.7) |
| Digit Symbol | 56.6 (11.6) | 60.0 (10.3) | 57.4 (11.8) | 53.8 (11.3) | 53.6 (12.0) |
| Symbol Search | 24.9 (5.9) | 26.3 (5.1) | 25.2 (5.7) | 23.7 (6.5) | 23.7 (6.6) |
| VRFs, n (%) | |||||
| Hypertension | |||||
| Yes | 262 (47.3%) | 33 (39.8%) | 141 (49.3%) | 77 (47.8%) | 11 (45.8%) |
| No | 292 (52.7%) | 50 (60.2%) | 145 (50.7%) | 84 (52.2%) | 13 (54.1%) |
| Diabetes mellitus | |||||
| Yes | 56 (10.1%) | 8 (9.6%) | 30 (10.5%) | 17 (10.6%) | 1 (4.2%) |
| No | 498 (89.9%) | 75 (90.4%) | 256 (89.5%) | 144 (89.4%) | 23 (95.8%) |
| Hypercholesteremia | |||||
| Yes | 229 (41.3%) | 32 (38.6%) | 116 (40.6%) | 66 (41%) | 15 (62.5%) |
| No | 325 (58.7%) | 51 (61.4%) | 170 (59.4%) | 95 (59.0%) | 9 (37.5%) |
| Smoking | |||||
| Yes | 42 (7.6%) | 3 (3.6%) | 24 (8.4%) | 12 (7.5%) | 3 (12.5%) |
| Ex‐smoker | 241 (43.5%) | 34 (40.0%) | 123 (43.0%) | 72 (44.7%) | 12 (50.0%) |
| No | 271 (48.9%) | 46 (55.4%) | 139 (48.6%) | 77 (47.8%) | 9 (37.5%) |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 27.8 (4.4) | 28.3 (5.0) | 27.65 (4.1) | 27.9 (4.8) | 27.2 (3.9) |
| History of stroke, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 33 (6%) | 3 (3.6%) | 16 (5.6%) | 12 (7.5%) | 2 (8.3%) |
| No | 521 (94%) | 80 (96.4%) | 270 (94.4%) | 149 (92.5%) | 22 (91.7%) |
| History of cardiovascular disease, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 146 (26.4%) | 16 (19.3%) | 77 (27.0%) | 48 (29.8%) | 5 (20.8%) |
| No | 408 (73.6%) | 67 (80.7%) | 209 (73.0%) | 113 (70.2%) | 19 (79.2%) |
BMI = body mass index; CIMT = carotid intima–media thickness; IQ‐11 = intelligence quotient at 11 years; MMSE = Mini‐Mental State Examination; SD = standard deviation; VRF = vascular risk factor.