Table 1.

The functions of CHOP in ER stress-induced apoptosis in microbial models.

Microbial type	Key proteins	Involved mechanisms and phenotype	Functions of CHOP	Research models	References
Porcine circovirus type 2	CHOP, ATF4 Caspase 3,	PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 -CHOP-BCL2	Apoptosis and beneficial to PCV2 replication	PK-15 cells	(107, 108)
Infectious bronchitis virus	CHOP, TRIB3, BCL2	PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 PKR-eIF2α-ATF4	Apoptosis and facilitates virus release	H1299 cells	(109, 110)
Newcastle disease virus	CHOP, ATF4, cyclin D1	PERK-ATF4-CHOP	Apoptosis and beneficial to NDV replication	Asynchronously growing cells	(111)
West Nile virus	CHOP, PARP, Caspase 3,	PERK-ATF4-CHOP	Apoptosis and limit WNV replication	Human neuroblastoma cells,	(112)
Coxsackie virus B3	CHOP, BAX, Caspase 3,	CHOP-BAX- Caspase 3	Apoptosis and beneficial to CVB3 replication	Mice	(113)
Japanese encephalitis virus	CHOP, p38, BCL2	p38-CHOP-BCL2	Apoptosis	BHK-21 cells	(114, 115)
HIV	CHOP, BCL2, BAX	XBP-1-CHOP- Caspase 3/9	Apoptosis	Human brain endothelial cells	(116, 117)
M. tuberculosis	CHOP, Caspase3/9	p-eIF2α-CHOP	limits M. tuberculosis replication	RAW 264.7 cells	(26, 118)
Helicobacter pylori	CHOP, BIM, BAX, TRIB3	PERK-CHOP PKR-eIF2α-ATF4	Damage the cell and tissue (gastric injury)	AZ-521 cells	(119, 120)
Escherichia coli	CHOP, DR5, TRAIL	CHOP-DR5- Caspase 3/8	Damage the cell and tissue (renal failure)	THP-1 cells	(121, 122)
Shigella dysenteriae	CHOP, DR5	p38-CHOP-DR5	Damage the cell and tissue (neurological abnormalities)	RPE cells	(123)