Table 1.
Agreement between two observers concerning observations of contamination hazards at 62 water points in Greater Accra
| Hazard | A | B | C | D | Overall agreement (%) | Kappa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standard hazards | ||||||
| Cement apron narrow/missing | 43 | 18 | 1 | 0 | 98.39 | 0.962 |
| Ponding on cement | 37 | 23 | 0 | 2 | 96.77 | 0.932 |
| Cracks/holes in cement | 50 | 9 | 1 | 2 | 95.16 | 0.828 |
| Loose pump | 2 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 90.00 | 0.737 |
| Ponding beyond cement floor | 34 | 27 | 1 | 0 | 98.39 | 0.967 |
| Drainage channel problems | 52 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 93.55 | 0.714 |
| Animal access | 50 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 100.00 | 1.000 |
| Fencing problems | 59 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 98.36 | 0.659 |
| Nearby latrines | 20 | 26 | 0 | 1 | 97.87 | 0.957 |
| Several nearby latrines | 13 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 100.00 | 1.000 |
| Latrine on high ground | 21 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 100.00 | 1.000 |
| Open water nearby | 8 | 32 | 0 | 1 | 97.56 | 0.926 |
| Uncapped wells nearby | 7 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 100.00 | 1.000 |
| Waste dump nearby | 36 | 16 | 0 | 3 | 94.55 | 0.875 |
| Unsanitary well cover | 49 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 100.00 | 1.000 |
| Well cover cracks/holes | 41 | 12 | 0 | 2 | 96.36 | 0.900 |
| Sloping well site | 38 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 100.00 | 1.000 |
| Well shaft sealing problems | 47 | 7 | 0 | 1 | 98.18 | 0.923 |
| Receptacle unsanitary | 11 | 51 | 0 | 0 | 100.00 | 1.000 |
| Urban/peri-urban hazards | ||||||
| Sewage pipe nearby | 29 | 31 | 1 | 0 | 98.36 | 0.967 |
| Sewage pipe problems | 7 | 54 | 1 | 0 | 98.39 | 0.924 |
| Blocked storm drains | 30 | 32 | 0 | 0 | 100.00 | 1.000 |
| Faecal matter present | 24 | 31 | 0 | 2 | 96.49 | 0.929 |
| Diapers present | 17 | 38 | 1 | 1 | 96.49 | 0.919 |
| Polythene present | 47 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 92.98 | 0.709 |
| Kitchen waste present | 31 | 20 | 4 | 2 | 89.47 | 0.782 |
| Algae present | 50 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 98.25 | 0.913 |
| Dead rodents present | 14 | 43 | 0 | 0 | 100.00 | 1.000 |
| Paper waste present | 44 | 11 | 2 | 0 | 96.49 | 0.895 |
| Laundry washing nearby | 56 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 98.39 | 0.900 |
| Carwashing nearby | 9 | 53 | 0 | 0 | 100.00 | 1.000 |
| Farming nearby | 12 | 49 | 1 | 0 | 98.39 | 0.950 |
Kappa index of agreement p value < 0.001 for all observed hazards
A hazard recorded by both observers, B hazard absent according to both observers, C hazard recorded by observer 1 but not observer 2, D hazard recorded by observer 2 but not observer 1