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. 2019 Jan 10;10:104. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08004-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — ARMC10 associates with mitochondrial fission proteins. a Mitochondrial fission proteins enriched by BioID pulldown with the bait protein ARMC10. Six repeats with the BioID2-tagged ARMC10 and eight controls. Control 1, BioID2 tag fused with mitochondria localization sequence (two repeats); control 2, BioID2 tag fused with a nonrelated bait protein, SLX4IP (six repeats), were conducted for the BioID experiments. The peptide spectrum matches (PSM) presented are the average numbers of PSMs of the candidate interacting genes involved in mitochondrial fission and/or mitophagy identified in ARMC10 or control groups. The p values represent statistical analysis of identified PSMs of the BioID2-tagged ARMC10 binding proteins comparing to those identified in all control samples. b ARMC10 associates with mitochondria fission proteins but not mitochondria fusion proteins. Mitochondria fusion (MFN1 and OPA1) and fission (MFF and FIS1) proteins were selected and tested for binding to ARMC10. N-terminal SFB vector alone (N-SFB) and SFB-tagged LKB1 were selected as negative controls. For these experiments, constructs encoding indicated tagged proteins were co-transfected into HEK293T cells. Cells were collected 24 h later and cell lysates were subjected to pulldown assay using S protein beads. Western blotting was conducted using indicated antibodies. c ARMC10 binds to Drp1. Constructs encoding Myc-tagged ARMC10, MFF, and MFN1 were co-transfected with constructs enconding SFB-tagged Drp1. The association of ARMC10 or MFF with Drp1 was tested as described for (b) with immunoprecipitation (IP) by anti-Myc antibody and Western blotting using indicated antibodies. d A working model of AMPK-regulated ARMC10 S45 phosphorylation in mitochondrial fission. In response to energy stress, AMPK is activated by its phosphorylation at T172. The activated AMPK phosphorylates ARMC10 at the S45 site. The phosphorylated/activated ARMC10 works with several mitochondrial fission proteins, such as MFF, Drp1, FIS1, and MIEF1/2, to promote mitochondrial fission. If fission continues, cells may undergo mitophagy. When AMPK is deactivated, mitochondria will undergo fusion with the help of several mitochondria fusion proteins, including MFN1, MFN2, and OPA1