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. 2019 Jan 10;9:20. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36923-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Bidirectional paternal age at conception (PAC) effect on transgenerational telomere length (TL) dynamics over the course of 1,000 years. For (A), simulations of the PAC effect are modelled over a range of PAC midpoints (PAC_mp) as a mixed additive and subtractive process (PAC^±). For a founding population with birth TL = 9,500 bp, there exists one isometric PAC_mp (34.2 years), such that transgenerational TL is neither increasing nor decreasing. For (B), when PAC_mp is held at isometric PAC_mp, for founding populations with birth TLs between 7,000–11,000 bp, the transgenerational TL dynamics apparently converges towards 9,500 bp.