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. 2019 Jan 10;10:124. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07929-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Light inhibition of GABAergic LRINR13B07s in brain is required for larval light avoidance. a Activation of R13B07-Gal4 neurons in brain abolishes larval avoidance to white light at 550 lux (23.3 μW/mm²). b Expression pattern of R13B07-Gal4 in larval brain. Arrows point to the LRIN^R13B07s. c Morphology of single LRIN^R13B07. Arrow, yellow and white arrow heads, respectively, point to the cell body, axonal termini and dendrites of LRIN^R13B07. d–e LRIN^R13B07s are inhibited by 470 nm light at intensity of 1.058 μW/mm². e is the statistics of the peak calcium responses in d. f Sustained inhibition on LRIN^R13B07s by light. 470 nm light at intensity of 0.001 μW/mm² was used. n = 3. g Extent of inhibition on LRIN^R13B07s is increased as light intensity increases. 470 nm light at intensity of 0.014 μW/mm², 1.058 μW/mm², and 105.8 μW/mm² was used for 3 s. h Blocking clk-LexA labeled neurons or knocking out pdf neurons reduces the inhibition of LRIN^R13B07s by light. 470 nm light at intensity of 105.8 μW/mm² was used for 3 s. The genotypes of pdf-DTI/UAS-GCAMP6m;R13B07-Gal4/+, UAS-GCAMP6m/+;R13B07-Gal4/+ and clk-LexA/UAS-GCAMP6m;R13B07-Gal4/ LexAop-TNTG are used. i Knocking down GRD expression in LRIN^R13B07s reduced the inhibition of LRIN^R13B07s by light. 470 nm light at intensity of 1.058 μW/mm² was used for 3 s. The genotypes are UAS-GCAMP6m/+;R13B07-Gal4/+, UAS-GCAMP6m/UAS-RDL-RNAi;R13B07-Gal4/+ and UAS-GCAMP6m/UAS-GRD-RNAi;R13B07-Gal4/+, respectively. j–k Single slice view of anti-GABA staining against LRIN^R13B07. Arrows point to the co-localization in cell body of LRIN^R13B07. j is the channel for GABA in i. l Knocking down expression of GAD or vGAT in LRIN^R13B07s enhances larval avoidance to white light at 250 lux (11.7 μW/mm²). The blue bars in d and violet block in f indicate periods of light stimulation. Scale bars, 20 μm in b–c and j–k. n.s. not significant, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, t-test in e, one-way ANOVA in g, one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test in a, h, i, and l. Error bars, SEMs. Source data of a, d–i, l are provided as a source data file