Fig. 5.

TEM images of palladium nanoparticles in the crude reaction mixtures. a Crude mixture after 99 min with 1,5-cod, b crude mixture after 99 min with cyclooctane, and c crude mixture after 99 min without additive. Scale bars in the TEM images (bottom left): 20 nm. These results clearly show that 1,5-cod can act as a molecular dispersant for the palladium catalyst in the solid-state reaction mixture, thus facilitating the solid-state C–N cross-coupling reaction