Table 1. Characteristics of monoclonal antibody therapy-induced hepatitis.

Article	Age/Sex; Condition being treated	Previous treatments	Time to onset of hepatitis/infusion	LFT elevations/markers positivity/biopsy	Treatment/complete resolution without recurrence?	AIH score/scoring system
Infliximab
Germano et al.14	53/F; PoA	Methotrexate	3 months	+LFT’s, +ASMA, +ANA w/increased dilution Biopsy: Intense and diffuse portal lymphoplasmacytic, granulocytic inflammatory infiltration and severe interface hepatitis	Steroids/Yes, lingering ANA which was seen prior to disease onset	n/a
Fairhurst et al.15	22/F; Palmoplantar pustular psoriasis	Methotrexate	2 weeks	+LFT’s, +ANA, no other markers mentioned Biopsy + (no description)	Steroids, AZA/Yes	n/a
Marques et al.16	34/F; UC	Azathioprine causing minor hepatitis	4 months	+LFT’s, +ANA, +anti-dsDNA Biopsy: Interface hepatitis	Steroids/Yes	18 Revised original
Ozorio et al.17	56/F; Ankylosing spondylitis	Leflunomide	3 months	+LFT’s, +anti-dsDNA, +ANA, +SMA Biopsy: Marked inflammatory infiltrate, particularly around the portal tract, with neutrophils, lymphoid, and plasma cells, bridging necrosis and piecemeal necrosis consistent with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis	Steroids 3 months/Yes, ANA and anti still positive, GGT elevated	n/a
Doyle et al.18	60/M; CD	Prednisolone, AZA, Past hepatitis B	21 weeks	+LFT’s, +anti-dsDNA, +ANA, +SMA Biopsy: Moderate to severe active hepatitis with portal and lobular activity, and mild prominence of plasma cells and eosinophils	Steroids/Yes	n/a
Goujon et al.19	51/M; PsO	None		+LFT’s, +anti-dsDNA, +ANA, +AMA, +anti-cardiolipin Biopsy: Interface hepatitis	Steroids/Yes	n/a
Goujon et al.20	37/M; PsO	None		+LFT’s +anti-dsDNA, +ANA, +ASMA Biopsy: Interface hepatitis	Steroids/Yes	n/a
Poulin et al.21	40/F; PoA/PsO	NSAIDS, Cyclosporine, Methotrexate	22 weeks/5 infusions	+LFT’s, +anti-dsDNA, +ANA Biopsy: Chronic hepatitis with portal and periportal fibrosis with numerous lymphocytes and eosinophils	Steroids/Yes	n/a
Casteren Messidoro et al.22	46/F; CD/erythema nodosum	Unknown	3 infusions	+LFT’s, +ANA, +SMA, elevated IgG Biopsy: Interface hepatitis with a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate	Steroids, Azathioprine/Yes	n/a
Rodrigues et al.23	36/F; UC	Mesalamine	n/a	+LFT’s, +anti-dsDNA, +ANA, elevated IgG Biopsy: Interface hepatitis	Steroids/Yes	>/= 20 (RO)
Rodrigues et al.23	34/F; UC	Mesalamine	n/a	+LFT’s, +ANA, High IgG Biopsy: Interface hepatitis	Steroids/Yes	>/= 20 (RO)
Rodrigues et al.23	35/M; UC	Mesalamine	n/a	+LFT’s, +ANA, High IgG Biopsy: Interface hepatitis/marginal proliferation of bile ducts	Steroids/No, controlled on long-term therapy	20 (RO)
Rodrigues et al.23	66/F; CD	Mesalamine, AZA	n/a	+LFT’s, +ANA Biopsy: Chronic lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate	IFX restarted after steroids/Yes	19 (RO)
Rodrigues et al.23	37/M; CD	Mesalamine, INH (2 months before)	n/a	+LFT’s, high IgG Biopsy: Interface hepatitis	Steroids/Yes	20 (RO)
Rodrigues et al.23	69/F; CD	Mesalamine	n/a	+LFT’s, +ANA Biopsy: Interface hepatitis	Steroids/Yes	19 (RO)
Rodrigues et al.23	43/M; Ankylosing spondylitis		n/a	+LFT’s, high IgG Biopsy: Interface hepatitis/cirrhosis	Steroids/No, Controlled on long-term therapy	20 (RO)
Dang et al.24	47/F; PsO	Failed etanercept and adalimumab	8 weeks	+ LFT’s, +SMA, +ANA Biopsy: Interface hepatitis	Steroids/Yes	6 Simplified Criteria (SC)
Cravo et al.25	38/F; CD	Methotrexate, AZA	2 years, with previous exposure	+LFT’s, +ANA, +dsDNA, +anti-histone, elevated IgG Biopsy: Chronic hepatitis with inflammatory plasmocyte infiltrate in the portal tracts, interface hepatitis and mild periportal fibrosis	Steroids/Yes, with lingering significantly elevated ANA titer	17 (RO)
Goldfeld et al.26	58/F; CD	Mesalamine, Azathioprine	Several weeks	+LFT’s, +ANA, +AMA, elevated IgG Biopsy: Diffuse inflammation of the portal tracts with lymphocytes, numerous plasma cells and scattered eosinophils and moderate periportal interface hepatitis. Also, periportal regenerative liver-cell rosettes and mild periportal fibrosis.	Steroids/Yes	n/a
Adalimumab
Adar et al.27	36/F; PsA, PsO, CD	Azathioprine, Methotrexate	3 months	+LFT’s, +ANA, +anti-dsDNA, elevated IgG Biopsy: Enlarged portal tracts because of fibrosis and chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate causing interface hepatitis rich in lymphocytes and plasma cells extending into the lobule	Steroids, azathioprine/Yes	7 (SC)
Grasland et al.28	35/F; RA	Etanercept, Methotrexate, etanercept	2 months	+LFT’s, +ANA, +SMA, elevated IgG Biopsy: Portal fibrosis, mild to moderate activity signs with periportal lymphocytic infiltrates	Steroids/Yes	7 (SC)
Etanercept
Harada et al.29	50/F; RA/Sjogren’s	NSAIDS, Methotrexate	2 weeks	+LFT’s, +ANA, elevated IgG Biopsy: Portal-area-dominant lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory cell infiltration	Steroids/Yes	n/a

Abbreviations: ANA, anti-nuclear antibody; AZA, azathioprine; CD, Crohn’s disease; dsDNA, double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid; GGT, gamma-glutamyltransferase; LFT, elevated liver enzymes; NSAIDS, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs; PoA, psoriatic arthritis; PsO, psoriasis; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; SMA, smooth muscle antibody; UC, ulcerative colitis.