Diversity of fecal and ruminal microbiota in cows raised on different diets. Shannon’s diversity index values for archaeal, bacterial, and fungal communities in feces and ruminal liquids and solids are presented. Boxes are colored by animal age, i.e., 2 weeks (red), 4 weeks (orange), 8 weeks (yellow), 1 year (green), and 2 years (blue). Ages with significantly different diversity index values across amplicons are indicated by different letters. Asterisks denote groups containing significant diet differences (P < 0.05, Tukey’s HSD test) (Table S3).