Table 1. Summary of the characteristics of NETosis mechanisms induced by protozoan parasites.
| Parasite | Receptor implicated | ROS dependency | Enzymatic activity required | Signal pathway involved | Anti-parasitic effect | Reference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NOX-2 | Mitochondria | NE | MPO | PAD4 | |||||
| Leishmania donovani | ND | (−) | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | (+)1,3 | [55] |
| Leishmania amazonensis classical NETosis | ND | (+) | (−) | (+) | (−) | (+) | PI3Kγ/ERK/PKC | (+)3 | [56,57] |
| Leishmania amazonensis early/rapid NETosis | ND | (−) | ND | (+) | ND | (−) | PI3Kδ/Calcium | (+)3 | [56,57] |
| Trypanosoma cruzi | TLR2/4 | (+) | ND | ND | ND | (+)2 | ND | (+)3 | [65] |
| Entamoeba histolytica | ND | (−) | ND | (+) | ND | (−) | Raf/MERK/ERK | (−) | [75,83,84] |
| Eimeria bovis | CD11b | (+) | ND | (+) | (+) | ND | ERK1/2, p38 MAPK | (+)4 | [90,91] |
| Eimeria arloingi | ND | (+) | ND | (+) | (−) | ND | ND | (+)4 | [93] |
| Toxoplasma gondii | TLR independent | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ERK1/2 | (+)3 | [95] |
| Neospora caninum | ND | (+) | ND | (+) | (+) | (−) | ERK 1/2, p38 MAPK | (+)5 | [109–111] |
ND, Not determined.
1
LPG protects against anti-parasitic effect of NETs.
2
Determined by histone citrullination.
3
NETs caused death of parasites.
4
NETs reduced parasite infectivity.
5
NETs entrap parasites.