Table 3.

Comparison of intensive care units (ICUs) in Japan that use physical restraints, grouped according to use in less or more than 75% of patients undergoing mechanical ventilation

Variable	ICUs where physical restraints are used for <75% of patients, n = 73		ICUs where physical restraints are used for ≥75% of patients, n = 56		P‐value
	n	% or range	n	% or range
University hospital	14	19.2	16	28.6	0.29
Open ICU	30	41.4	16	28.6	0.19
≥50% beds in private rooms	21	28.8	15	26.8	0.85
No. of beds per RNa	1	(0.86–1.33)	1.19	(0.92–1.45)	0.04
No. of beds in ICUa	8	(6.00–10.00)	10	(7.75–13.25)	0.01
Emergency ICU	11	15.1	13	23.2	0.26
Use of written protocol	31	42.5	19	33.9	0.37

^aValues are median (interquartile range). RN, registered nurse.