Table 3.

Association (OR coefficients, and 95% confidence intervals, CI) of depressive mood with the variables of interest according to the initial (age and sex-adjusted), and the summary (fully adjusted) regression models. All the covariates were entered simultaneously into the regression models.

	Age- and sex-adjusted models			Summary model
	OR	95% CI	P	OR	95% CI	P
Demographics & lifestyle habits
Age (years)	1.04	.94 – 1.15	.423	1.03	1.01 – 1.05	.039
Sex (female)	17.09	2.84 – 102.92	.002	2.31	1.45 – 3.68	<.0001
Education (years)	1.13	.97 – 1.33	.118
Current alcohol consumption	1.03	0.99 – 1.07	.075
Smokinga	1.03	1.01 – 1.05	.026	.99	.98 – 1.01	.267
Dietary intake
Proteins (g/die)	.98	.96 – 1.01	.093
Available carbohydrates (g/die)	1.03	1.01 – 1.05	.012	1.00	.99 – 1.02	.789
Total lipids (g/die)	1.01	1.01 – 1.02	.041	1.00	.99 – 1.01	.752
Energy (kcal/day)	.99	.99 – 1.01	.083
Comorbid conditions
Chronic pulmonary disease	.85	.27 – 2.66	.779
Heart failure	2.14	1.05 – 4.34	.036	1.43	.66 – 3.10	.363
Stroke	1.07	.49 – 2.33	.859
Parkinson’s disease	3.45	.75 – 15.93	.112
Coronary disease	1.14	.59 – 2.23	.695
Diabetes	.77	.44 – 1.35	.368
Periodontitis	.78	.55 – 1.19	.156
Chewing problems	1.97	1.40 – 2.79	<.0001	1.81	1.26 – 2.58	.001
Medications
SSRIb	7.31	2.04 – 26.17	.002	6.50	1.72 – 24.60	.006
Benzodiazepines	2.66	1.78 – 3.97	<.0001	2.64	1.75 – 4.00	<.0001
ACE-inhibitorsc	1.26	.77 – 2.06	.364
Loop diuretics	2.02	1.12 – 3.63	.019	2.10	1.44 – 3.86	.017
Corticosteroids	1.27	.40 – 4.06	.690
Objective tests
Hemoglobin (g/dl)	.90	.76 – 1.06	.201
Serum cortisol (μg/dl)	.97	.93 – 1.01	.197
C Reactive Protein high-sensitivity (μg/ml)d	1.03	.86 – 1.25	.736
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)	.99	.98 – 1.02	.749
Total proteins (g/dl)	.88	.57 – 1.35	.564
Serum creatinine (mg/dl)	2.07	.70 – 6.11	.186
Total 24h urinary cortisol (μg)	1.03	1.01 – 1.06	.034	1.01	1.01 – 1.02	.009
Thyroid stimulating hormone (mlU/l)	1.04	.99 – 1.09	.061
Body Mass Index	.98	.94 – 1.03	.535
Functional disabilitye	4.31	1.78 – 10.45	.001	2.78	1.27 – 6.06	.010
Mini Mental State Examination	.98	.93 – 1.05	.622

^aTotal lifetime pack years.

^bSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors;

^cAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitors.

^d20-item version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale.

^dLog−transformed.

^eKatz’ activities of daily living score <6.