Table 1.

Interventions undertaken to curtail the epidemic spread of CRKP in 4 cumulative stages ^a

Intervention	Description	Date begun
Baseline period	No intervention and regular surveillance cultures	Jan 2013- June 2013
Period 1	1. Active surveillance cultures 2. De-escalation interventions	July 2013–June 2014
	2.1 First level interventions
	• contact precautions  • patient isolation: single room isolation or cohorting  • cohorting of medical care  • disinfection and sterilization
	2.2 Second level interventions
	• contact precautions  • disinfection and sterilization
IPC interventions	2.3 Third level interventions
	• disinfection and sterilization
	3. Target bundles interventions
	• intravascular catheter-related infection  • ventilation associated pneumonia  • catheter-associated urinary tract infection  • skin and soft tissue infections.
Period 2	1. Active surveillance cultures 2. Modified de-escalation interventions	July 2014–June 2015
Modified IPC interventions	+ Enhanced external medical staff education + Contact precautions of shared equipment + Enhanced terminal room disinfection
	2.1 First level interventions (as Period 1) 2.2 Second level interventions (as Period 1) 2.3 Third level interventions (as Period 1)
	3. Target bundles interventions (as Period 1)
Period 3	Follow up period 2	July 2015–June 2016

^aThe procedures of infection control interventions are explicated in detail in the section of Materials and Methods

IPC Infection prevention and control, CRKP Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae