Table 2.
Studies quantifying human-vector interaction
| Author (year) [reference] | Country | Human behaviour methods | Human behavioural information collected | Entomological methods | Timing of entomology and human behaviour data collection | Human exposure to malaria vectors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Killeen et al. (2006) [20] | Tanzania | Survey | Usual bed time and wake-up time | Indoor and outdoor HLC, 6:00 p.m.–6:00 a.m. | Mosquito collections: 1997 and 2004 Survey: 2002–2004 |
Indoor exposure for non-user: 90% Indoor exposure during sleeping hours (9:00 p.m.–5:00 a.m.): 80% Protective efficacy of an ITN: 70% |
| Geissbuhler et al. (2007) [21] | Tanzania | Survey and direct observation | Survey: Dinner location, location after dinner, usual bed time and wake-up time, use of prevention measures Direct observation: People outdoors for each hour of the night |
Indoor and outdoor HLC, 6:00 p.m.–7:00 a.m. | Mosquito collections: April-June 2006 Survey: Carried out in same households; exact timing not specified |
Indoor exposure for non-user (An. gambiae s.l.): 79% Indoor exposure during sleeping hours for non-user (An. gambiae s.l.): 74% Protective efficacy of an ITN (An. gambiae s.s.): 59% Protective efficacy of an ITN (An. arabiensis): 38% |
| Russell et al. (2011) [22] | Tanzania | Survey | Usual bed time Usual wake-up time |
Indoor and outdoor HLC, 7:00 p.m.–7:00 a.m. | Mosquito collections: 1997, 2004, and 2009 Survey: 2002–2004 |
Indoor exposure for non-user (1997 An. gambiae s.l.): 92% Indoor exposure for non-user (2004 An. gambiae s.l.): 99% Indoor exposure for non-user: (2009 An. gambiae s.l.): 79% Indoor exposure for non-user (1997 An. funestus): 93% Indoor exposure for non-user (2004 An. funestus): 73% Indoor exposure for non-user (2009 An. funestus): 45% |
| Seyoum et al. (2012) [23] | Zambia | Survey | Usual time indoors for the night, bed time, wake-up time, time to leave home in the morning, use of ITNs | Indoor and outdoor HLC, 7:00 p.m.–7:00 a.m. | Mosquito collections: September–October 2009, February–March 2010 Survey: April 2010 |
Indoor exposure for non-user (An. funestus): 98% Indoor exposure for non-user (An. quadriannulatus): 97% Indoor exposure for ITN-user (An. funestus): 57% Indoor exposure for ITN-user (An. quadriannulatus): 58% |
| Huho et al. (2013) [24] | Burkina Faso Kenya Tanzania Zambia |
Burkina Faso and Tanzania: Direct observation by field worker 6:00 p.m. until all household members went to sleep and 4 a.m.–6 a.m. Kenya and Zambia: Malaria indicator survey |
Observation: Household members awake, by hour Survey: To the nearest hour, time that each household member went indoors, to bed, woke up, and left the home |
Indoor and outdoor HLC, start time ranged from 6:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. and end time ranged from 6:00 a.m. to 7:00 a.m. across sites | Tanzania and Burkina: 2001 and 2004 Kenya and Zambia: 2009 and 2010 Exact timing of entomological and human behavioural data collection was not provided |
Indoor exposure for non-user (An. gambiae s.l.): ranged from 87 to 97% across sites Indoor exposure for non-user (An. funestus s.l.): ranged from 62 to 97% |
| Bayoh et al. (2014) [25] | Kenya | Survey | ITN use, usual time indoors for the night, bed time, wake-up time, time to leave home in the morning | Indoor and outdoor HLC, 5:00 p.m.–7:00 a.m. | Mosquito collections: June–July 2011 Survey: July–August 2011 Data compared to data from previous study carried out in 1989–1990 |
Indoor exposure for non-user: > 90% in all years Indoor exposure for non-user during sleeping hours: ≥ 90% for all species except for An. arabiensis (97% in 1989/1990; 80% in 2009; 84% in 2011) Indoor exposure for ITN-user during sleeping hours: (64–77% in 1989–1990; 20–52% in 2009 and 2011) |
| Moiroux et al. (2014) [26] | Benin | Survey | Time each household member entered and exited the house the night before the survey and entered and exited the sleeping space | Indoor and outdoor HLC, 11:00 p.m.–9:00 a.m. | Mosquito collections: April 2011 Survey: March 2013 |
Indoor exposure for non-user: 86% and 94% in the two study sites Protective efficacy of an ITN: 80% and 87% Indoor exposure for ITN-user: 55% and 31% |
| Cooke et al. (2015) [27] | Kenya | Survey completed by head of household on behalf of household members, using digital watch | Time household members entered and exited the house, time to sleep, and use of ITNs | CDC light-traps set next to occupied ITNs, emptied hourly Indoor traps 5:30 p.m.–5:30 a.m.; outdoor traps 5:30 p.m.–10:30 p.m. only |
Mosquito collections: June 2011–May 2012 Survey: June 2011–May 2012 |
Indoor exposure for non-user: 95% (31% before bed and 64% while asleep) Protective efficacy of an ITN:51% |
| Bradley et al. (2015) [28] | Equatorial Guinea-Bioko Island | Annual malaria indicator survey | Time household members entered the house the night before, any other time spent outside the house between 7:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m., bed time | Indoor and outdoor HLC, 7:00 p.m.–6:00 a.m. | Mosquito collections: January-October 2009-2013 Survey: 2013 |
Indoor exposure for non-user: 80% |
| Kamau et al. (2017) [29] | Kenya | Survey administered to head of household | Time each household member went to sleep and woke up | HLC and CDC light traps; 6:00 am–6:00 pm | Mosquito collections: July and August 2016 Survey: September and October 2016 |
Indoor exposure for non-user (children < 5): 90% |