Table 3.

Studies including description of night time human activities

Author (year) [reference]	Location	Methods used to capture night time activities	Night time activities identified	Night time activity categories
Alaii et al. (2003) [37]	Kenya	Early morning (4:00 a.m.–6:00 a.m.) observation of ITN use Survey question on barriers to ITN use for children under 5	Funeral ceremonies Disruption of sleeping patterns due to visitors	Large-scale socio-cultural events travel/visitors
Dunn et al. (2010) [38]	Tanzania	In-depth interviews Focus group discussions Participatory methods	Spending night at farming plot Outdoor sleeping Socio-cultural events e.g. funerals Household chores (women) Drinking, watching television, and socializing (men)	Livelihood activities Large-scale socio-cultural events Routine household activities Entertainment
Tuno et al. (2010) [30]	Ghana	Survey	Outdoor sleeping	Outdoor sleeping
Monroe et al. (2014) [39]	Uganda	In-depth interviews Focus group discussions	Funerals, weddings, religious events, parties Socializing, visiting bars Overnight visits with friends/family Occupations such as police and fishing Outdoor sleeping Domestic disputes, insurgency, illness	Large-scale socio-cultural events Entertainment Travel/visitors Livelihood activities Outdoor sleeping Times of difficulty
Dlamini et al. (2015) [40]	Swaziland	In-depth interviews Focus group discussion Direct observation from morning to late evening	Soccer playing and socializing (adolescent boys) Drinking at local bars (men) Preparing meals and fetching water (women and adolescent girls)	Entertainment Routine household activities
Monroe et al. (2015) [41]	Ghana	Direct observation (6:00 p.m.–6:00 a.m.) In-depth interviews	Household chores Socializing Weddings, funerals Outdoor sleeping	Routine household chores Entertainment Large-scale socio-cultural events Outdoor sleeping
Swai et al. (2016) [42]	Tanzania	Direct observation (6:00 p.m.–7:00 a.m.) In-depth interviews Focus group discussions	Farming practices Relaxing and storytelling, playing Cooking, eating, fetching water and firewood	Livelihood activities Routine household activities
Moshi et al. (2017) [43]	Tanzania	In-depth interviews Focus group discussions	Cooking, eating, household chores Socializing, drinking at bars	Routine household activities Entertainment
Masalu et al. (2017) [44]	Tanzania	Focus group discussions	Farming, night guard, sex work Funerals, parties, and gatherings	Livelihood activities Large-scale socio-cultural events
Makungu et al. (2017) [45]	Tanzania	In-depth interviews Focus group discussions Photovoice methods	Household chores Watching television, drinking at bars Fishing, street vending Funeral ceremonies	Routine household activities Entertainment Livelihood activities Large-scale socio-cultural events