. 2018 Dec 31;4(4):174–184. doi: 10.4103/bc.bc_13_18

Table 1.

Anti-aging effects and mechanisms of the components of Radix puerariae

Component	Effects	Mechanisms
Puerarin	Alzheimer’s disease	Antioxidant
	Parkinson disease	Increases the expression of TH and decreases the expression of GFAP; ameliorated MPTP-induced ROS formation
	Ischemic stroke	Decreases the level of serum vWF and sTM; increases the expression of BDNF and activates PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways
	Vascular dementia	Antioxidant
	Myocardial hypertrophy	Through (AMPK)/target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated signaling pathway; inhibits activation of the redox-sensitive p38 and the NF-κB pathway; blocks Rac1-dependent NADPH oxidase activation; blocks PI3K/Akt and JNK signaling pathways
	Hypertension	Improves EDR; increases the phosphorylation of eNOS and decreases the expression of gp91phox, p22phox, TGFβ1, and VCAM-1; reduces the expression of TGF-β and Smad3 mRNA and increases the expression of Smad7 mRNA
	Angina pectoris	Inhibits the expression of the protein and mRNA levels of CRP
	Acute myocardial ischemia	Decreases the upregulation of P2X₃ mRNA and protein levels; opens the calcium-activated potassium channel and activates protein kinase C; increases NO concentration; antioxidant
	Diabetic retinopathy	Alleviates cell apoptosis; attenuates IL-1β-mediated leukostasis
	Diabetic nephropathy	Regulates the expression of glomerular extracellular matrix
	Osteoporosis	Promotes the serological level of osteocalcin, BMSC proliferation, the expression of ALP, and suppresses the serological level of adiponectin and adiposity
	Hyperlipidemia	Enhances the expression of 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) mRNA and promotion of cholesterol and bile acids excretion in liver
	Digestive system cancer	Induces the loss of MMP and generation of ROS
	Breast cancer	Downregulates MDR1 expression
Genistein	Ischemic stroke	Antioxidant; enhances eNOS phosphorylation/activation and NO-mediated thiol modification of Keap1; decreases thromboxane A2 concentration and leukocyte-platelet aggregates production
	Myocardial hypertrophy	Regulates the MTA3/TAK1/MKK4/JNK signaling pathway
	Hypertension	Regulates the activity of eNOS and reverse endothelial dysfunction
	Diabetes	Improves islet cell survival and proliferation and facilitates insulin production; activates the cAMP/PKA-dependent extracelluar ERK1/2 signaling pathway; antioxidant; improves high glucose-impaired intracellular cAMP production and PKA activity
	Osteoporosis	Improves the balance between RANKL and its decoy receptor OPG
	Hyperlipidemia	Upregulates the expression of hepatic LDL receptor, estrogen receptor α(ERα), and ERβ mRNAs; lowers the levels of the plasma lipid and vWF
	Digestive system cancer	Inhibits phosphorylation of AKT and induces the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis; inhibits β-catenin target genes
	Reproductive system cancer	Suppresses EMT and the migration capacities of BG-1 ovarian cancer cells via ER signaling and the downregulation of TGF-β signal
	Breast cancer	Activates ATR kinase and BRCA1 complex; downregulates microRNA-155
Daidzein	Hyperlipidemia	Enhances the cholesterol homeostasis genetic program; inhibits the activity of pancreatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase and the differentiation of rat preadipocytes
Daidzein	Diabetes	Activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)

TH: Tyrosine hydroxylase, GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein, MPTP: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, ROS: Reactive oxygen species, vWF: von Willebrand factor, sTM: Thrombomodulin, BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, AMPK: 5’-adenosine monophosphate kinase, CRP: C-reactive protein, BMSC: Bone marrow stromal cell, ALP: Alkaline phosphatase, MMP: Matrix-metalloproteinases, OPG: Osteoprotegerin, EMT: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, JNK: Jun N-terminal kinase, EDR: Endothelium-dependent relaxation, ATR: Ataxia telangiectasia-mutated and Rad3-related, NOS: Nitric oxide synthase, RANKL: Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand, TNF: Tumor necrosis factor, IL: Interleukin