Table 3. Overview of the non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) (according to [2, 28]).

	Dabigatran	Apixaban	Edoxaban	Rivaroxaban
Standard dosing*	150 mg or 110 mg twice daily	5 mg twice daily	60 mg once daily	20 mg once daily
Dose adjustment in patients with chronic kidney disease and for age, weight, co-medication*	No (creatinine clearance <30 ml/min contraindicated)	2.5 mg twice daily in patients with atrial fibrillation and severe chronic kidney disease (creatinine clearance 15–29 mL/min) or at least 2 of the following criteria: age ≥ 80 years; body weight ≤ 60 kg or serum creatinine ≥ 1.5 mg/dL	30 mg once daily, in the presence of the following factors: Creatinine clearance 15–49 mL/min, body weight ≤ 60 kg, co-medication with cyclosporine, dronedarone, erythromycin or ketoconazole	15 mg once daily in patients with atrial fibrillation, if creatinine clearance 15–49 mL/min
Bioavailability	3–7%	50%	62%	66% without food, almost 100% with food
Prodrug	Yes	No	No	No
Non-renal/renal clearance of the absorbed dose (with normal renal function)	20% / 80%	73% / 27%	50% / 50%	65% / 35%
Hepatic drug metabolism: CYP450 involved	No	Yes (elimination; low CYP3A4 involvement)	minimal (<10% of elimination)	Yes (elimination)
Absorption with concomitant food intake	No effect	No effect	No effect	+39% more
Recommended to take with food?	No	No	No	Compulsory
Absorption with H2 blocker/proton pump inhibitor treatment	–12–30%	No effect	No effect	No effect
Asian patients	+25%	No effect	No effect	No effect
Gastrointestinal tolerability	Dyspepsia 5–10%	No problems	No problems	No problems
Elimination half-life	12–17 hrs	12 hrs	9–11 hrs	5–9 hrs (younger) 11–13 hrs (older)
Specific antidote available	Yes	No	No	No

* Detailed information of the respective summary of product characteristics should be taken into account.