Standardized difference (STD) of 35 measured covariates between exposure groups to complementary health (CIH) approaches according to different causal methods. (A) STD in original full cohort and the Propensity Score–matched subcohort, respectively (B). Weighted STD by inverse probability of treatment weights in the population (IPTW-P) and the treated (IPTW-T), respectively. (A) Twenty-one (60.0% of 35) covariates were unbalanced (STD > 0.10) in the original full cohort, with an average STD of 0.16. After Propensity Score matching, all the 35 covariates were balanced, with an average STD of 0.01. (B) All the 35 covariates were balanced after IPTW-P or IPTW-T weighting, with an average STD of 0.02 for IPTW-P and 0.003 for IPTW-T.